The, Frankfurt, And Wolf Are All Compatibilists. They Hold...

Stace, Frankfurt, and Wolf are all compatibilists. They hold that free will and determinism are compatible. In this paper, first I will define and explain key terms determinism, free will, and compatibilism. Next, I will discuss the individual views of each compatibilist and how they object to parts of determinism; then compare and contrast their views. They all believe in parts of determinism and parts of free will, even though determinism holds we are not morally responsible and free will holds we are morally responsible; thus, they are technically incompatible. This concept will be explained in this paper. The first term relevant to this paper is determinism. (Hard) Determinism is the philosophical idea that every action and decision a†¦show more content†¦As a result, Jack gets little sleep and performs poorly on his test. Free will says that Jack is responsible for his decision to go out and, therefore, responsible for doing poorly on his test. The third key term is compatibilism. Compatibilism, also known as soft determinism, is the belief that free will and determinism can coexist. More specifically, while external forces, such as upbringing, and internal forces, such as personal desires, have influence on one’s actions, one still has the ability to make the choice (holding that they are not being physically forced to do something). For example, Jane is invited to a party. Her parents taught her that drinking has many negative repercussions but on the other hand, Jane has been overwhelmed and kind of wants to go out. Jane chooses to not attend the party. According t o compatibilism, while Jane’s decision was influenced by her upbringing and by her personal desire, she still ultimately had the freedom of choice and chose to not go. Now, the first compatibilist I am going to discuss, W.T. Stace, believed that while many of our actions are free, our decisions are not uncaused. Stace holds that we are generally in control of our decisions, unless forced to do something, and are consequently in charge of our chain of actions. To put a term to this, when a person’s actions stem from their desires the act is free and this is called freedom of action. An example to help differentiate between free andShow MoreRelatedCausal Ditermism in the Movie Groundhog Day1964 Words   |  8 PagesWhat does it mean to have free will when one cannot choose the environment in which they live in? Because the environment in which one lives in shapes their beliefs and practices, how is it they are morally responsible for their actions and decisions when they are not in control of the environment they live in? Causal determinism is a belief that everything that happens is completely caused by whatever happened before it. Furthermo re determinism implies if the conditions under which one made a choice

Religion During Puritan Times in Young Goodman Brown by...

Young Goodman Brown is a short story where the main purpose is to show the social issue of religion during the Puritan time. Although the author Nathaniel Hawthorne had not being living in that time, he came from a long line of Puritans. He wrote Young Goodman Brown to show the flaws of the Puritans’ view of religion. They made God seem heartless and mean spirited, someone who just used humans for entertainment. The short story Young Goodman Brown demonstrates that people should test their faith of their religious beliefs and even people considered upright can fall short of their own religious faiths from temptations and imperfections. In addition, the story shows that there is some degree of evil nature in everyone because of the freewill†¦show more content†¦Goodman Brown stated in the story that he came from a line of good Christian men, so he most likely knows the difference from wrong and right. In the eyes of the Puritans, his first shortfall is when he decides to take the journey in the woods. On this journey, he falls more and more into temptation. Every time he said he was going to turn back to go home, the older man always convinced him to keep going deeper into the woods. Humans have the freewill to decide what they want. Goodman Brown could have easily resisted temptation and went back home but the temptation to go deeper into the woods kept him from doing so. As the good Christian man, he is presented to be, Goodman Brown knows should not have be taking a journey into the wood. Even Faith, his wife warned him not to go into the woods because she knew something was not right about it. We as human being imperfect, we sin daily even the righteous make mistakes that cause them to fall short of their religious beliefs. The story reveals that there is some degree of evil in everyone because humans are born with the freewill to do right or wrong. As humans, we are born into an imperfect world and we have many flaws. We can choose to be g ood honest people or evil doers. The older man in Young Goodman Brown said that Goodman Brown had more evil power then he did. This older man could represent an evil spirit or even the devil himself. This line in the story couldShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthornes Literature During Early America1560 Words   |  7 Pagesaddresses Puritan culture in early America, commonly focusing on the shortcomings and hypocrisies that became apparent during the numerous witch hunts. Many of his works are allegorical, using the Puritan setting to portray his own ideas about ancestry, history, and religion. While The Scarlet Letter and House of the Seven Gables are among Hawthornes most known works, he produced a large sum of work, including many famous short stories. The most important of these, Young Goodman Brown, is notedRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Puritan religion played a big role in the formation of early America, therefore significant ly changing a lot of the authors who wrote throughout this time period, including Nathaniel Hawthorne. One of Hawthorne’s most known stories is â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – a story wherein Hawthorne mixes faith and history to demonstrate humanity’s struggle with sin. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† could possibly be regarded as a Spiritual story of symbols and inevitably as a disapproval of Puritan Calvinism. This isRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is famous for his works that revolve around the Puritan society. The Puritans were very stringent in the way they dealt with rules and ways of life, and Hawthorne does an exceptional job depicting the Puritan lifestyle through his stories. Though many principles from Puritan society has made its way to form the present day American society, Hawthorne might disagree and did not believe that the good attributes originated from Puritan ways. Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the worksRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat author, but none more intriguing than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne’s ability to weave stories through the use of complex language and early puritan society narratives has long been a topic of study amongst scholars and young adults, alike. â €Å"Young Goodman Brown† explores the idea of good vs. evil and draws many parallels to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is often debated whether man is born innately good or evil. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† it is possible to see Hawthorne’s stance on this.Read MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 Pagesshort story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne’sRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown: The Evils of Puritanism Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne born in 1804 was an American writer who sought to resolve his conflicts with Puritanism through his writing. Hawthorne wrote several stories showing the world the horrors of the Puritan faith and the isolation of individuals who failed to uphold the faith. For Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown illustrates the difference between Puritan teaching and practicing and reflects his own guilt about the mistreatment of men at the hands of his forefathers. Young Goodman Brown protagonistRead MoreSocial, Political, And Cultural Realms Of `` Young Goodman Brown ``877 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature to gain this understanding. Only through the close examination of unique aspects of literature do critics gain a potentially new understanding of human society and how people interact with one another as we shall come to see in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† While writers may delve the realms of the seemingly improbable, their writings are often based on some basis of historical truth or personal experience. In the 1980s, a literary theory known as New Historicism emerged that sought to understandRead MoreAnalysis Of Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne1600 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne presents the tale of a young man from Salem, Massachusetts during colonial America. One night, Brown accidentally witnesses a witches meeting in the forest where he sees the rest of the town, including his wife Faith, in attendance. This comes as quite a shock to Brown and the next morning but he cannot remember whether or not the scene was real of simply a dream. Regardless, from then on Brown lives his life in opposition to theRead MoreChoices With Consequences VsThe Lottery, And Young Goodman Brown, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1296 Words   |  6 PagesTalal Almutairi Dr. Gates English 305 5 July 2017 Choices with Consequences In this paper, I shall focus on drawing comparisons and contrasts between â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In her short story, ‘The Lottery’, Jackson uses a series of specific details and ordinary personages to describe the events leading to an unfair death. These details reveal the dangers of blindly upholding traditions and passing them to the next generations, without

English legal system free essay sample

The English legal system is a common law system, where the decisions of sitting judges in a case have future influence over future courts. Judicial Precedent binds judges by past decisions of higher courts, stare decisis, and they abide by them. This could be said to create a consistent and fair system i. e. a body of legal principles. Statutory Interpretation is how judges interpret/understand statutes, i. e. legislation set by Parliament. The two are linked in that they will help judges deal with cases in circumstances which have arisen before but also new situations where the law will need to be applied for the first time. This is where precedent is created and leads us to consider whether judges whose job it is to interpret the law should create law. A judgement has two parts the Ratio Decidendi which is the legal reasoning for the decision and the Obiter Dictum which is the statement by the way, it can be helpful in that it can contain persuasive precedent e. g. if the facts had been different. In the case of R v Howe (1986) the House of Lords rules that duress could never be defence to a charge for murder and added in the obiter that it couldnt be a defence for attempted murder either. In R v Gotts (1992) the Court of Appeal turned down the defence of duress for attempted murder persuaded by the obiter of the superior court even though it wasnt binding. Persuasive precedent may also come from a lower court such as in R v R (1991) where the House of Lords held the decision of the Court of Appeal. Here a new precedent overturned the assumption that a man cannot rape his wife. This shows that through precedent the law can evolve as society develops and absurd outcomes can be avoided that occur by simply following the statutes. Judicial Precedent can be avoided by distinguishing, i. e. the fact of the case were different. The cases of Balfour v Balfour (1919) and Merritt v Merritt (1971), were considered different as in the Merritt case there was a legal contract between husband and wife in writing where as the Balfour case was a domestic arrangement with no written contract. A judge can impose a narrow ratio definition and claim that it doesnt apply to their case as well as reversing or overruling a decision to avoid precedent. Judges avoid overruling as that would mean they were challenging existing legislation or precedent and making law rather than interpreting it. Bellinger v Bellinger (2005), showed the judges accepted they couldnt change the law regarding transgender marriage as this was the job of parliament. In the case of R v R (1991) they were careful to state they were removing a misconception rather than changing the law. Avoiding precedent disadvantages the consistency of case law and the certainty which it brings, where one could be sure of an outcome based on what has come before. Case law saves time and money as the principles of a case dont have to be reargued. It doesnt make sense to challenge an established legal rule which have been justified by formal justice (Ratio Decidendi). It does allow judges discretion and evolving technology means that is necessary as the facts are frequently changing. This means precedent is modified as interpretation of the law can change over time. It can be up to the judge whether they are bound or not, which goes against the system on which the English Legal System was founded. When making an original precedent one must be careful as this will have an impact on all future similar cases, in Hunter and others v Canary Wharf Ltd and London Docklands Development Corporation (1995) there was no precedent case so Aldreds Case (1611) and the blocking of a TV signal was equated to the blocking of a view in that it was inconvenient but not actionable. This shows another disadvantage of case law where judges can be seen to by take in the creation of law. However this sort of discretion avoids small matters heading to parliament. Statutory Interpretation is important as it leads to the creation of precedent. It is important as a word can have more than one meaning, the legislation can be poorly worded and over time language changes. For example in Brock v DPP (1993) there was unclarity over the wording of the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. There are four ways of statutory interpretation. The literal rule takes the wording as it stands without really considering the meaning. R v Goodwin (2005) attempted to equate a jet-ski to a ship and convicted under the Merchant Shipping Act. Seeing as there was no precedent for these facts an attempt to interpret this piece of legislation in this way led to an absurd outcome. A higher court quashed the conviction seeing a jet-ski was not a navigation ship. This approach is fair in that the wishes of parliament are followed by sometimes the wording of statues causes problems in the interpretation e. g. Inland Revenue v Hinchy (1960) where it was unclear whether the fine for a late tax return was treble tax owed or treble the total tax bill. The literal approach led to a much bigger fine than was merited. Clearly this method has limitations when wording can be challenged, however it makes sure judges declare law rather than make it so keeps law creation and declaration independent. The golden rule is used when the literal rule would lead to an absurd outcome. It can be applied in the narrow sense where a word has two meanings. In R v Allen (1872) to take the word marry at its first meaning would make bigamy impossible and nobody would be guilty. Similarly Adler v George (1964) where in the area itself constituted in the vicinity of the area. Application in the wider sense is a little more controversial as judges can be seen to be making law. The wording of the statute is adapted to avoid an absurd outcome. Re Sigsworth (1935), judges prevented a son directly profiting from the murder of his mother as to take the Administration of Estates Act 1925 literally would have let an estate directly profit from an offence. Here a precedent was set and it could be said to be an instance of judiciary creativity. The situation was different in R v National Insurance Commissioner ex parte Connor (1981) but due to the precedent set in Sigsworth would have led to an injustice. This led to the courts having discretionary power on such types of case. A similar situation arose in R v Human Fertilisation and Embryo Authority, ex p Blood (1997) where a husband couldnt give consent to artificial insemination due to being in a coma, here the literal rule was used leading to a harsh outcome even though Mrs Blood had sympathy of courts. There was no reason to reject the literal rule due to certainty in the legislation and the outcome was not absurd. The mischief rule is the most flexible with respect to interpretation, the judge can ask what remedy parliament was trying to provide, i. e. solution to mischief rather than simple words of statute. In Smith v Hughes (1960) the Street Offences Act 1959 meant to stop soliciting in a public place could include attracting attention from your balcony or window. A literal approach here would have favoured the defendant leading to an undesirable outcome. In Royal College Nursing v DHSS (1981) advancements in medical science meant it was now acceptable for nurses to carry out abortions. One could say that here common sense remedied the previous uncertain state of the law which concerned back street abortions, however this case points to legislation being rewritten rather than interpreted as it was outdated. The purposive approach looks beyond the words of the statute and considers the reason for its creation. It is used when interpreting EU law which is sometimes vague having been translated from another language. In Diocese of Hallam Trustee v Connaughton (1996) a British court ruled that paying a male successor significantly more to a female predecessor in a job amounted to sexual discrimination under Article 119 Treaty of Rome, equal pay for equal work. It is important to recognise that the interpretation of statutes and judicial precedent go hand in hand. Statutes becoming outdated and can adapt a new modern meaning. Precedent may not be relevant when the science or technology changes it. It is the interpretation of statutes that creates precedent, and where possible it should be binding so that English Law remains fair, consistent and efficient. The precedent set in the Royal College Nursing case was followed in R (Quintavalle) v Secretary of State for Health (2005) that parliament couldnt have intended to leave CNR embryos unregulated. Whilst this assumes the wishes of parliament it is not possible to rewrite legislation of each development in science. Judges seem best placed to make subtle changes to statutes based on their experience and understanding of previous cases, however they must have firm legal reasoning for doing this and choosing not to follow precedent. English law allows for flexibility that avoids nonsense outcomes and discretion of judges is key to this as shown in R v R (1991). Judges must be careful to avoid personal prejudice and personal views. To not use the literal rule and to look further into legislation and asking what is considered an absurdity is already a point of view. This flexibility can as long as it is not abused be seen as a strength due to the efficiency it brings. To conclude Judicial Precedent and Statutory Interpretation play a big part in the shaping of English law attempting to provide fairness, consistency and clarity but giving judges enough room to manoeuvre where cases merit special consideration. There are critics who would say that the judiciary should only declare the law, but ambiguous legislation and subtle differences in cases due to technological developments mean that judges need to look beyond the wording to ensure that common sense prevails and justice is done.

Research Paper on Sleep Essay Example

Research Paper on Sleep Paper Why do we sleep? There is actually no satisfying answer. Although there are theories about why we sleep, there isn’t enough information to prove them. We know about two different kinds of sleep, rapid eye movement, and non-rapid eye movement sleep. Every living life form sleeps, even cells go into a dormant state. Although different animals need to sleep different amounts. Horses sleep about 3 hours a day, while bats sleep 20. An average person requires about 8 hours of sleep (Why). Scientists believe many different things about why we sleep. That it helps restore what was lost in the body when awake, or that sleep is to conserve energy. There is a theory that sleep is to protect us from predators, and some theories are even mixed. Although, first, the different kinds of sleep must be understood. Way back in 1929, when Betty White was 7, a man named Hans Berger was busy inventing something huge for neuroscience. He invented something called the electroencephalogram, but since that’s such a mouthful, it’s also known as an EEG. Electrodes are attached to the scalp, they measure electrical impulses in the brain. The invention of this device was huge for neuroscience, just ask Betty. In sleep science it helped scientists define the two different types of sleep, and their EEG rythms. REM stands for rapid-eye-movement. Neural functions deep in the brain trigger REM. One type of neurotransmitter to trigger REM, another to shut it off. REM is an important part of sleep, because it is usually when people dream. Although REM sleep proves to be sporadic. Changes in blood pressure occur, and there are no regulations in body temperature, breathing and We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer heart rate also become irregular. REM is also seen in human fetuses at around 6 months, it takes up about 90%.Although in young adults REM only takes up about 30% overall sleep (Sleep). REM sleep consists of low amplitude, high frequency EEG rhythms (Why). Non-REM sleep is, you guessed it, N