The Grim Grotto: Elements of Fiction :: essays research papers

in that respect are many elements of fiction. All of them together are a recipe for the perfect story. There are five elements all together. They are conflict, setting, character, plot and theme. The Grim Grotto displays all of these elements with an exceptionally well written storyline.Conflict is a really large factor of fiction. Without conflict there would be no story. The main conflict in The Grim Grotto is locating the sugar bowl and keeping it outdoor(a) from Count Olaf. The opposing forces are Count Olafs troupe and the Baudelaire orphans. This conflict was never resolved within the book. However, there are many subordinate conflicts in this story. The first subordinate conflict is finding Quigley Quagmire and meeting him at the last safe place. The conflict is in between the Baudelaire orphans and Count Olaf. This is the Baudelaires conflict. former(a) one is saving the youngest Baudelaire-Sunny from the poisonous Medusoid Mycelium. This is Sunnys conflict because she is suffering from the Medusoid Mycelium. All of these conflicts were external conflicts because they are about characters against each other and not about emotions.I agree with the way that the characters try to solve the conflict because they refuse to give up on anything. They didnt give up when they had to save Sunny or get away from the Medusoid Mycelium. There must be something we can do to save Sunny. There just has to be something. The importance of the conflict is huge. This is because the characters go to great lengths to try and get the sugar bowl. They travel underwater and go to the darkest of places to reach the sugar bowl. They go through numerous dangers just for a little sugar bowl. They go through the Medusoid Mycelium and a huge submarine just for a sugar bowl. You also go to sleep this because many characters, such as Captain Widdershins, Count Olaf and Quigley Quagmire say that this object is too important and secretive to reveal its purpose. The climax of this book is when imperial Klaus and Sunny are walking to the taxi parting with Mr. Poe. This is the climax of the book because this was the highest point of interest and appeal. The author, Lemony Snicket, uses details and delays the end to an extent where you become very anxious to read the story. Setting is an important aspect in some stories and less important in others.

Comparing Hurrican Hits England and Not my Business Essay -- Grace Nic

Comparing Hurrican Hits England and Not my BusinessThe two rimes I am to compare are Grace Nichols Hurricane HitsEngland a poem that shows that the whole world is one world and how astorm reminds a Caribbean woman of home. The author obviously missesher home country and feels it in the storm which she wrote about, the forcefulness of the storm is harsh and causes some damage. The secondpoem, with which I will be comparing Hurricane... is Niyi OsundaresNot my Business. This poem describes the violent and horrific recordin which the Nigerian Governwork forcet treated those people who disagreedwith the state. It describes the pain and suffering they forced uponthese people and how the pain and suffering is then brought to thenarrator.This poem is about dual-lane responsibilities and the way that tyrannygrows if no one opposes it. It is composed, simply, of three storiesabout victims of the oppressors, followed by the experience of thespeaker in the poem, in which he has not done anyt hing, only the factthat he knows makes him a target. The poet is Nigerian but thesituation in the poem could be from galore(postnominal) countries, there are wordsused kindred yam, and the names of the people which tell you this. Thepoem echoes, in its four parts, a statement by Pastor MartinNiemller, who opposed the Nazis. Speaking later to many audiences hewould conclude with these words, more or lessFirst, they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out becauseI was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and Idid not speak out because I was not a trade unionist. Then they camefor the Jews, and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew. Thenthey came for me, and there was no one left to speak... ...oem.The last lines of this poem emphasise the confusion surrounding whythey are there. The line,The jeep was waiting on my bewildered lawn is personification whichsuggests that no-one, not even his lawn, knows why its happening. Andthen a repetition of the word Waiting makes it seem as though themen have to do a lot of waiting and that time maybe seems to go soslowly because of these things that are happening. Both of these poems are handsome at enforcing their own point intheir own ways, Hurricane through tactile emotional words andbeautiful yet violent images of the storm, and Not My Business.through blatant give the sack for human life depicted through the eyes ofa hunted man, who is hunted because he knows what is going on. All inall two excellent and well thought out poems, each with their ownperfectly presented message.

The Role of Genetic Engineering in our Society Essay -- Technology Sci

The Role of Genetic Engineering in our SocietyWith todays technology in genetic engineer, it seems we can almost play God. Scientifically speaking, are we enabling our bodies to survive all the traumas of a hostile environment, or are we endangering future generations to a limiting gene pool? Spiritually speaking, are we improving our bodies to save more of Gods good deal, or are we attempting to perfect Gods creation, and damning ourselves? The technology of genetic engineering is advancing at a dizzying pace, but is the morality at which we guide our use of this technology evolving quickly enough?The potentials of modifying our genes seem irresistible. Everything from cystic fibrosis to AIDS seems to be preventable, and we could possibly design our children to be healthier in the future. But nature always finds a way to elude our defense mechanisms. As polio seemed to shrivel up from our world, AIDS became the new terror. We are one step from protecting ourselves from this immun e system destroyer, but then, who knows what nature will strike us down with conterminous?We must also confront the question of our faith. It is easy to justify improving our genes to save the lives of fellow human beings. How can we let a person sustain up knowing s/he is going to suffer from epileptic seizures when we could have prevented it at birth? Wouldnt God want us to help these people? On the other hand, would we know when to stop? It is only logical that with our ability to prevent the harmful effects of debilitating genes, we will be able to mend on already satisfactory genes. Why should one settle for an average body, when one could have a strong, toned physique? Is that what God would want? atomic number 18 we prepared to say what is okay to change ... ...n, Jack Albrecht, Rebecca Lawrence, and Brian Guerra. Hooray for Genetic Engineering. Http//www.cwrl.utexas./genetics/benefits.html. December 18, 1996.OBrien, Stephen J., and Michael Dean. In Search of AIDS-Resist ance Genes. Scientific American. September 1997 44-51.Pool, Robert. Portrait of a Gene Guy. Discover. October 1997 50-55.Varmus, Harold. Genetics The Ethical Problem With Knowledge. Vital Speeches of Our Time. February 5, 1996 334-337.Wright, Richard T. Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. San Francisco Harper Collins Publishers, 1989.Other Helpful SourcesMarshal, Elliot. Whose Genome is it Anyway? Science. Vol. 273. September 27, 1996 1788, 1789.Marshal, Elliot. The Genome Programs Conscience. Science. Vol. 274. October 4, 1996 488, 489.Niccol, Andrew, managing director/Screenplay. GATTACA. Columbia Pictures 1997.

Essays --

In 1803, Thomas Jefferson, the president of the get together States of America at the time, acquired an enormous substance of nation from France in what would later be dubbed the Louisiana Purchase. The newly received put down covered about 828,000 square miles and it was bought for roughly 15 one thousand million American dollars. In basically doubling the United States land, a simple 15 million for the land is considered one of the most rewarding political trades made in history. Previous to American ownership, France controlled this land for most of history with Spain having it for several years as salubrious. France is documented to have held the land from 1699 to 1762 when it gave the territory up to Spain who was an ally at the time. However, under Napoleon Bonapartes reign, France recaptured it in an effort to create a global empire. Jefferson, however, realized the potential of the land west of the Mississippi and to boot the demesne of New Orleans. He arranged a settl ement with Napoleon to broth France $15 million on their home front in hold back for the land of the purchase, which the French leader agreed to. Jefferson identified Napoleons dread(a) need for capital at the time, as the war versus Britain in atomic number 63 was on the brink of occurring as well as a French striver revolt in Haiti during the early 1800s. Napoleon recognized this as well and gave up on ambitions for a secondary North American empire. In retrospect, this acquirement was incredibly beneficial to United States expansion and this instant the massive amount of land encompasses all or part of many U.S. states and a pair of Canadian provinces. The modern day states with all or sections of their area within the purchase include Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, North ... ...ht the land from France it was agreed upon that the land panoptic as far as the 50th parallel. In the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, however, the land from the 49th parallel to the 50th was traded to the British in a deal for the violent River Basin, which is located just under the 49th. Much further south, the southeastern confines of the Purchase was rather ambiguous as well. The United States cherished the land until the Perdido River and Spain wanted it as well. The United States truly just wanted the whole sphere and passed the Mobile Act in 1804, which recognized the western sections of Florida as part of the United States land. True resolve would only be found in the aforesaid(prenominal) Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819, with Spain. In this treaty, the United States really made further progress in defining boundaries and making their newfound lands as expansive as possible. Essays -- In 1803, Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States of America at the time, acquired an enormous amount of land from France in what would later be dubbed the Louisiana Purchase. The newly received land covered about 828,000 square miles and it was bought for roughly 15 million American dollars. In basically doubling the United States land, a simple 15 million for the land is considered one of the most rewarding political trades made in history. Previous to American ownership, France controlled this land for most of history with Spain having it for several years as well. France is documented to have held the land from 1699 to 1762 when it gave the territory up to Spain who was an ally at the time. However, under Napoleon Bonapartes reign, France recaptured it in an effort to create a global empire. Jefferson, however, realized the potential of the land west of the Mississippi and additionally the area of New Orleans. He arranged a settlement with Napoleon to fund France $15 million on their home front in return for the land of the purchase, which the French leader agreed to. Jefferson identified Napoleons desperate need for capital at the time, as the war versus Britain in Europe was on the brink of occurring as well as a French slave revolt in Haiti during the early 1800s. Napoleon recognized this as well and gave up on ambitions for a secondary North American empire. In retrospect, this acquisition was incredibly beneficial to United States expansion and now the massive amount of land encompasses all or part of many U.S. states and a pair of Canadian provinces. The modern day states with all or sections of their area within the purchase include Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, North ... ...ht the land from France it was agreed upon that the land extended as far as the 50th parallel. In the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, however, the land from the 49th parallel to the 50th was traded to the British in a deal for the Red River Basin, which is located just under the 49th. Much further south, the southeastern boundary of the Purchase was rather ambiguous as well. The United States wanted the land until the Perdido River and Spain wanted it as well. Th e United States truly just wanted the whole region and passed the Mobile Act in 1804, which recognized the western sections of Florida as part of the United States land. True resolve would only be found in the aforementioned Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819, with Spain. In this treaty, the United States really made further progress in defining boundaries and making their newfound lands as expansive as possible.

America and the Korean War :: History, Cold War

With the Allies achieving victory in Europe and Japan, Korea, which had been occupied by Japan since 1910, would be placed under the temporary control of Russia and the get together States. Korea was divided into ii separate states at the thirty-eighth parallel with Russia holding the North and the States holding the South (Uschan 36). As the relationship between Russia and America turned for the worse, leading to the Cold war, both attempted to gain as many allies as possible to support them (Bachrach 11). The American government felt it was their duty to stop the Soviet Union and issued the Truman Doctrine, which was a policy to fight Communism around the world (Uschan 27). Therefore the U.S involvement in the Korean contend was justified as a way to prove that the U.S would not allow the Soviet Union to spread Communism without a fight.After the events of World contend II, the world was left with two major superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union. Both sides of the conflict were balanced in power and a nuclear war was possible. to the highest degree fighting was indirect with neither nation sending armed forces at each other (Smith 30). Because these nations were the worlds superpower, they held a major influence on other world counties and used foreign nations conflicts as a way to challenge each other. America began to grow a dread of communism, known as the Red Scare which would only escalate as China fell to Communism (Helbertsam 587).Around 1947, South Korea was one of the only areas in northeast Asia not under communist rule (Bunge 22). It began to appear that the Soviets were taking territory they were likely never to give up causing U.S. officials to realize that they had to mystify a claim on part of Korea (Uschan 25). While under the rule of the U.S and Soviets, North and South Korea were supposed to have an election that would reunite them sometime afterwards World War II. However the Soviets prevented this and kept a hold on No rth Korea (Williams 41). Eventually the U.S and Soviets began to form separate groups in order to make a unified stance against each other such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact making the unification even more unlikely between the two sides of Korea.On June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea because the invasion was led by a Communist force it gave the U.

America and the Korean War :: History, Cold War

With the Allies achieving victory in Europe and Japan, Korea, which had been occupied by Japan since 1910, would be placed under the temporary control of Russia and the United States. Korea was divided into two separate states at the thirty-eighth parallel with Russia guardianship the North and America holding the South (Uschan 36). As the relationship between Russia and America turned for the worse, leading to the Cold war, both attempted to gain as many allies as possible to support them (Bachrach 11). The American government felt it was their duty to stop the Soviet Union and issued the Truman Doctrine, which was a policy to fight communism around the military personnel (Uschan 27). Therefore the U.S involvement in the Korean War was justified as a way to prove that the U.S would not allow the Soviet Union to air Communism without a fight.After the events of World War II, the human being was left with two major superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union. Both sides of the conflict were balanced in power and a nuclear war was possible. Most fighting was indirect with neither nation sending armed forces at each other (Smith 30). Because these nations were the worlds superpower, they held a major influence on other world counties and used foreign nations conflicts as a way to dispute each other. America began to grow a fear of communism, known as the Red Scare which would only escalate as China fell to Communism (Helbertsam 587).Around 1947, South Korea was one of the only areas in northeast Asia not under communist rule (Bunge 22). It began to appear that the Soviets were taking territory they were likely never to give up causing U.S. officials to realize that they had to make a claim on part of Korea (Uschan 25). While under the rule of the U.S and Soviets, North and South Korea were supposititious to have an election that would reunite them sometime after World War II. However the Soviets prevented this and kept a hold on North Korea (Williams 41). Eventually the U.S and Soviets began to frame separate groups in order to make a unified stance against each other such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact making the colligation even more unlikely between the two sides of Korea.On June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea because the invasion was led by a Communist force it gave the U.

Police Training Essay

Nowadays professional cooking is paid more attention as it is one of the best ways to increase job commitment and get up performance. I think that all patrol officers should have free access to formal and informal courses, seminars devoted to violent death investigation, interrelations, and criminal laws. The training programs should spawn also the principle of supervision and civil liability. Training plays crucial role in todays law work because training ensures not except organizational efficiency, but also increases effectiveness and productivity of all police departments.It goes without saying that it is hardly possible to except effective work from untrained police officers. Moreover, community doesnt feel safe if they realize that their police officers arent skillful and experienced enough to defend them when necessary. Nevertheless, state funding isnt enough to solve training dilemma because of lack of money assigned to support training programs. Without money and prop er funding it would be difficult to solve the problem.The suggest of training is to promote occupational and professional development of police department through specialized job-related programs. Nevertheless, training differs significantly from education because training is so-called register in the process. educational activity provides only theoretical background of the special(prenominal) situations, whereas training develops practical skills and acquirements in real situations. However, I think that training is the second metre after education as the officer should firstly realize the aspects of actions and only then should master his skills.Harry More defines training as something like an inchoate crime. He means that training is continuous process and cant be ever fully accomplished. Training is always a process. Education provides knowledge and training applies it to specific situations. The goals of trainings areTo improve police officers performances and job commitme ntTo develop the sense of responsibility in police officers.It is necessary to underline that training is designed to help individuals to cope better with challenging duties and responsibilities. Simply saying, training helps to perform job better. Training is claimed to be fantastic because it suggests unity inwardly particular organization. According to More and Miller, modern police training is based on the following philosophical foundationsPositive action is ensured when accompany by acquired skills and motivationLearning process depends not only motivation and psycheal abilities, but also on the instructional methods, behavior of the trainers and the climate within departmentTraining is considered tripartite responsibilityTraining is continuous process requiring constant updating of skills and knowledge.Finally, it is important to document all formal and informal training because it helps to identify what type of training is actually needed. Documenting is defined as task analysis aimed at ensuring the relevance of training. While documenting it becomes possible to identify the tasks performed by the person who holds the position. Also documenting ensures easy assessment of training programs. Tasks analysis helps police officers to determine whether the training program is professional enough to provide skills and knowledge required for particular job.In conclusion it is necessary to note that training develops the following professional skills in police officers interpersonal communication skills, perception and awareness, decision-making ad critical thinking, adaptability and definitiveness, unwritten and written communication skills.

Explore in detail how Iago has brought about the change in Othello’s relationship with Desdemona in the first three acts of the play

In this essay, I lead be exploring how Iago brought about the change in Othello up until act 3 of the dally. This play is about a black Venetian soldier who elopes and marries a young white girl called Desdemona, who he shares an empathetic case of mutual delight in that over stupefys many prejudice and objections. But his jazz for her in short changes to jealousy and murderous sights created by Iago, his intimately effective ancient. Iago plants crude images of Desdemona and Cassio, his agent lieutenant, having an use, and this soon chases away all the sanity in Othello.Until the mid-point of the play, Othello composes himself in a dignified manner and expresses unbounded corporate trust in the transcendent sleep together that he shares with Desdemona, a bond that reaches over differences in race, age, and social status. Neverthe slight, Othello begins to change his drumhead about his young wife in the corruption scene of Act trio (scene iii) and by the end of the act, he has completely made up his let on about Desdemonas faith and trust, and from this point, Othello is completely preoccupied with the mission of avenging himself on Desdemona and Cassio for an adulterous affair Iago claims they are having.In Othello, many events are more qualityificant than others because of mental or psychological reasons. Shakespeare uses images to outpouring contrasted thoughts to different parts of the play. Another thing is how a character changes his feelings in a brief moment. In the play, typesetters cases of these are, how Othello changes his trust from person to person, from Desdemona to Cassio to Iago. Another is how he changes his opinion of Desdemonas faith. Also there are the mental changes of Iago and his motives. The archetypical we hear of Othello and Desdemona being together is in Act 1 shooting 1, when Iago calls out to Brabantio, Desdemonas father.He calls youre robbed claiming that Othello has kidnapped Desdemona when, in actual fact, th ey have eloped. At this point, we get the film that Othello and Desdemona are in a young, innocent, romantic love, entirely Iago calling an old black mob is tupping your white ewe ruins this perfect image. Here, Shakespeare uses crude sexual images and rivals both Othello and Desdemona as animals, which withdraws their love sound profane and physical. Iago provokes Brabantio by telling him these graphic stories of Othello and Desdemona.No father wants to hear about his daughter like that, so its obvious that Brabantio gets sore with Othello. When Othello hears of Brabantios anger, it is here we hear him talk about Desdemona for the first time. We depend that he really does love the gentle Desdemona and this is sh possess quite precisely in Act 1 photo 3. Here, Othello assures the court Brabantio has summoned him to, that he has not won Desdemonas love through spells and medicine and witchcraft, but with tales of heroic defeats, and he love her that she did pity them.Othello describes his wooing of Desdemona in a dignified and persuasive speech (76-93) that even the Duke is persuaded that this tale would win his daughter as well. By his speech, it becomes clearer that Othellos love for Desdemona is not passion, but a love whose quality is reflected in his flavor when he articulates calmly, with dignity, serenity, simplicity and stature. While Brabantio is still not convinced, Othello believes in his and Desdemonas love so a salutary deal, and their unbreakable bond of trust and faith that he asks the Duke to send for her, so that she may speak for him.This shows that he trusts his life upon her faith even to speak against her own father. It also shows that he sees her more as an equal than a presence of a woman, since he sends for her to speak in a court, in a time where women werent that high on the power scale. verbalize to the court is when we are first introduced to Desdemona and realises that she is little more that a girl inexperienced in the way of the world who is taken in by Othellos stories. Desdemona speaks gently outlining an argument so strong that finishes the alone debate.Hearing her argument, you cant help but wonder if her love for Othello is submissive love, generated by seeing his visage in his headspring and fuelled by her delight in his honours and valiant parts. She speaks so fondly of him, yet hardly knows him nonetheless, as she defends her newly born love for Othello, she uses much personal language such(prenominal) as me and I portraying personal feelings, which makes her love much more convincing. My heart subdud/ I saw Othellos visage in his mind/ Did I my soul and fortune consecrate.O my fair fightrior shows the equality of Othello and Desdemonas relationship once again when the two arrive in Cyprus. In Cyprus (Act 2 Scene 3), Cassio starts a fight under the influence of alcohol and Iagos win plan. Because of this, Othellos evening with Desdemona is disturbed, and we see him for the first time, expressing the emotion of anger. Up until this scene, Othello has forever been portrayed with calm and serenity, but here, his whim dramatically changes showing the sense of hearing how considerably his emotions can be swayed and affected.This is proven again at lines 245-249. Here his mood drastically changes again from angry to calm when he sees Desdemona. Othello acts with embarrassment and disappointment to the situation and describes it a Christian shame, which is ironic, because he is yet to commit a sinful act. After the incident, Othello demotes Cassio, even though he is obviously a close friend of his, Cassio I love thee, but nevermore be ships officer of mine. This is strange because Othello trusted Cassio a great deal and was also close with him, and yet, he demoted him on the spot.This is a sign of how Othellos emotions can affect him and mist his judgment, making him think on his feet and act spontaneously. At the start of Act 3 Scene 3, Cassio is first ment ioned to Othello by Desdemona to play with his mind (non intentionally of course). His tone in this scene tells us that he is annoyed with her constant pester and her interest in Cassio by calling her an Excellent wench, but he do love thee still. We also see that Othello depends on Desdemona, maybe a little too much for it could cost his sanity. And when I love thee not, chaos is come again.He excerpts I deny thee nothing which shows us that he cannot refuse her and he still cares for her deeply, and it almost assures the audience he always will. Desdemona is not a strong character, and lacks solidity in her persona, but, despite the fact of this, we see here that she is a huge weakness in Othellos character, even through his abuse for her at this point. She is almost able to wrap him around her little finger without intending to, and Othello lay offs this to happen because of his love and his insecurities about it.From noticing Desdemonas unwariness of this, we might come to th e conclusion that she could possibly seen as the type to liase around with other men. Yet we are most certain that she wouldnt, from the way she respects Othello and, regards him as first priority in her life, before her own father. The tragedy of love misunderstood is exposed at the end of Act 3 Scene 3, where we now see Othello in reverse role. Unlike in Act 1, Othello is able to think clearly and compose himself as polite, mannequin, and noble.Soft phrases and the use of a variety of literary devices such as, alliteration, pitiable stories, and flattering phrases towards Desdemona allow a calmer reflection of Othello. This is the contrary of how he acts at the end of Act 3. He seems to revert to his more primal nature of fighting and glorious war. War is a huge vulnerability to Othello, which we see when he finally accepts Iagos lies and is convinced that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Here his first reactions are of death and destruction, as he makes sure that Cassi os not alive.Earlier in the scene, when first hearing of Desdemonas affair, Othello seems quite intent on yet believing Iagos words with some kind of proof. Ill see before I doubt when I doubt, prove Yet Othello fails to keep his word as he becomes angered by the mere thought of his wife deceiving him. It is due to this, that Othello asks Iago to set on thy wife to observe. Basically he asks Iago to seek the truth, yet the truth never is found causing him to doubt. We see that Othello has doubt because of his soliloquy in this act.This is the first time he has one which surprises the audience and adds emotion and energy to Othellos character more than usual. This could be a sign of his emotions swaying unlike in the Acts before, where he always seems open and composed. His soliloquy shows that he is confused and no longer speaks his mind as he did in the preceding acts. During this soliloquy, Othello doubts his marriage, regrets that he is black, notices hes much older, and he als o doubt in himself. Haply, I am black, I am declined the vale of years, O curse of marriageAnother sign of distrust is, when Desdemona asks Othello if he is not wellhead, and Othello replies I have a pain upon my forehead here kind of of saying what he thought, as he usually would. The horns he speak of may symbolise the horns a cuckold would possess, which is also a sign of Othellos mind wandering and doubting. You can tell that he is not self-assured and as confident as he once was. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has woolly his confidence and is no longer self-assured.As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago, This may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show us the depth of Othellos jealousy, the woman he loved he now disparage. The change in Othello is very sudden. He makes a very quick transition from love to hate. In Act 3 Scene 3, Othello states, if she be false, O then heaven mocks itself.Yet only not long after, he says Ill tear her into pieces, and says that his mind will never change from this tyrannous hate. At the end of Act 3 Scene 3, we see that the relationship is no longer equal, and we see that Othello has risen above Desdemona and has belittled her. Othello treats her, and continues on treating her with great disrespect he would never have done before. Before, their relationship was mutual and equal but at this point in the Scene, Othello does not give Desdemona the chance to justify her actions, this reflects his egotistic, and is an example of how easily influenced he is.Iago is evil personified, and to say that he is motiveless in this play could be quite true, as the audience never get to know his one true motive as it mentally changes and progresses as the play develops. He is ruthless, sinister, and will stop at nothing. Iago is the whole reason why there is conflict in the play. All the problems caused are through Iago and his lies, treachery, manipulation, and deep mysterious hate, which is fuelled by jealousy and revenge and maybe love. A lot of motives there.He is a two faced liar smiting and betraying his fellow characters, tour also being honest Iago as he wants to be known. He plays many parts of the story because of this. While at one point, he is the best comrade a person could have, yet another where he is a two faced, backstabbing liar. Throughout the play, we see him lie from one to the next, but he is only able to do this because he is shown to be a very ideal judge of character. He understands how everyone works, and how their minds function. He understand perfectly his sick fool Roderigos vanity and irrational hopes.He knows that Desdemonas generous personality will lead her to aver on Cassios behalf. He knows that Cass ios ambitiousness will lead him to use Desdemona to regain Othellos trust, and he knows that the Moor is of a free and open nature/ that thinks men honest but seem to be so. He knows all this yet he spins a web of lies (with consummate skill) to turn everyone against one another. In the play Othello, Iago influence and uses two people purely for leverage. One of those is Michael Cassio, who is in a very contradicting relationship with Iago.While Cassio trusts Iago and thinks that he has the best intentions for him in mind, Iago is actually plotting against him, persuading him with level-headed advice, all in the while, ensnaring Cassio into a love innuendo hed rather not be in. One of Iagos more successful schemes is within Act 2 Scene 3. This scene opens with Othello bidding Cassio to inspect the guard during the night. He also warns him not to outsport discretion. Ironically, Iago will trick him beyond discretion, leading to his fall in this scene, the most important aspect of I agos plan.Cassio proves his noble nature early on in the scene by refusing Iagos refractory offer of wine, admitting that he does not drink well. Hearing this, Iago persists until Cassio finally gives in to his weakness. It takes Cassio but one cup to get drunk and gets into a fight with Roderigo. When Othello arrives on the scene Iago takes him aside and, being the persistent liar he is, pretends to be good friends with Cassio and pretends to care for him so that nothing will wrong him, nonetheless blaming him for everything, but subtly, subconsciously.By sticking up for him, Iago soon befriends Cassio and tells him to seek Desdemona and ask her to plead for his rank and trust back with Othello. This is the most important point of persuading Cassio, because this is the main leverage for the whole plan. Here, he knows that Cassios ambitions will make him persistent and unaware of anything else, as does he know that Desdemonas loving nature will help him. Iago plays with the subcons cious a lot, as it is a conniving and artifice way to persuade someone. This is also shown on his lackey, Roderigo.Iago also manipulates Roderigo, not part of any plan, but just as a lucky opportunity for capital. For the foolish Roderigo, and his foolish hopes makes him an easy target for Iago. The phrase put money in thy purse repeatedly as Iago plays with Roderigos subconsciousness, and installs in Roderigo, a sense of trust in Iago. This convinces him that Iago is helping him, and that he is plotting against Othello purely for sport. Sport makes the whole situation sound like a game, a bet perhaps, so therefore money doesnt seem like a big issue.Iagos soliloquies are probably just as important as anything else in the play, and he uses a lot of them. This allows us to see at once early on in the play, Iagos motives and intentions, and that some promises go no where, like with Roderigo and his plans to woo the gentle Desdemona. Through soliloquy is when the master of deception i s open to the scrutiny of the audience, that we may admire, horrified, the progress of his scheming. We see that he is an opportunist and amoral, the moor already changes with my poison.In his soliloquies, Iago uses a level of expressiveness seldom presented in his public speeches such as, emotion, thoughts, and even insecurities, which are shown when he is convinced that Othello is sleeping with Emilia, his wife. In a soliloquy, Iago expounds the divinity of hell. He is delighted to see that his evil plan is working perfectly. Othello has many traits that make him naive and insecure, and Iago plays on this. Ha I like not that, sneaking away so disgraced like.This makes Othello doubtfulness many things, but most of all, his marriage and his wifes faith I think my wife be honest, and think she is not, this shows that Othello is confused and questions himself, he shows hate for her but at the same time loves her. His mind rages from one extreme to the other in his fit of emotions sh owing he has lost his control. Desdemona is gamey and noble, furthermore, she has gone out of her social sphere to marry Othello and he is aware of this. When he speaks of his marriage, there is a hint of uncertainty, like its almost too good to be true.However, this insecurity is buried dormant and non fatal. It would not rise by itself to produce a tragedy, but needs someone who sees its existence and uses it. Iago plants jealousy into Othello, but its mostly Othellos pride that provides a fertile ground for these insecurities to nurture its growth. Iago plays with Othellos uncertainty building it up by talking of jealousy and betrayal, O, beware my lord, of jealousy /It is the greens eyed monster, and then more specifically about the unnatural nature of their marriage Her will, recoiling to her better judgement.More importantly, he addresses jealousy as a major theme. The green eyed monster becomes a symbol representing Othellos dark feelings, a spectre lurking in his mind and beginning to steer his behaviour, while Iago lead him with lies And will as tenderly be led by thnose as asses are. This creates an image of an animal being led away so easily by something so simple. Iago uses a serious case of reverse psychology just to build up the confusion and uncertainty in Othello. Iago says that Cassio is honest, which sets Othello off, and Iagos skirt uncertainty in his tone makes Othello think that Cassio lies.Words such sneak and guilty sets the scene for private affair, and gets Othellos mind racing. Othello becomes suspicious and starts to get annoyed with Iago, as it seems Iago knows something and is not telling Othello, Othello says, Show me thy thought. By not telling Othello the secret not only makes him want to know even more, but it also makes Othello feel like an outsider, already he is separated from the group, but now even more as there are a secrets revolving around that he knows nothing of.These are all tactics, which Iago uses (among others ) to break down Othello and all the people around him. One of his most successful tactics is how he drops hints about Desdemona and Cassio. He does this very well by not actually stating fictitious stories but by suggesting, and not giving Othello a clear image. This is somewhat worse because if his mind is left to wander and imagine, it can come up with the wrong answer. He also plays on the fact that Desdemona has already once deceived her father and may thee. This makes Othello question her faith and if he is first priority anymore.Othello trusts Iago because Iago puts forward the fact that he knows all and is a kind loyal friend for he says, and I quote I am your own forever, even though we all know he despises the moor. But this way, Iago gets into Othellos trustees list, which is a helpful asset to his plan. Gaining that trust, Iago acts out many sympathetic, expressive roles, gives much advice and fulfils Othellos greedy ears with what he wants to hear, therefore, proving his loyalty. Throughout the play, there is a steady stream of racism. It originates from not one, but rather several characters in the play. approximately characters in the play exhibit some type of racism toward Othello. His blackness is not only a mark of his physical alienation but a symbol, to which every character in the play, he himself included, must respond. Iago and Roderigo speak the most obvious racial slurs against Othello. Roderigo refers to the thick-lips, gross clasps of a lascivious moor, and the gross confusion of Desdemona (Act 1 Scene 1). He also labels Othello as a wheeling stranger. Iago makes several references to Othellos race as well, referring to him as an old black ram, a devil, and a Barbary horse.This is also associated with excessive sexuality when Iago tells Brabantio that his daughter and the Moor are now making the beast / with two backs. This cultural learning contributes to the racist atmosphere Othellos sexuality is connected to his race, which is perceived as degenerate and disgusting. Iago and Roderigo are not the only characters with outright disdain for Othellos race and culture. Brabantio also projects the contradict images associated with blackness. Desdemonas father invites Othello to tell tales, but refuses to accept him as a son-in-law.Brabantio shows his anger when he refers to Othello as too true and evil, a foul freebooter, and Damnd. He is disgusted that Desdemona would run from her guardage to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thouto fear, not to delight and fall in love with what she feard to look on In addition, Brabantio claims that the only possible way Desdemona could fall in love with Othello is if he used black magic. These statements reveal a racism similar to that of Iago and Roderigo. Desdemona communicates an even more subtle form of racism.She falls in love with Othello not for his outward appearance but for his words. She states that she saw Othellos visage in his mind, but she does not say that she found his physical form attractive. By not referring to his physical state, Desdemona confirms her fathers belief that she should fear to look on such blackness. Othello even attests to this when he agrees with Iagos statement that Desdemona seemd to shake and fear your looks. All of these quotes suggest that even Desdemona realizes there is something unnatural about her love for Othello due to his physical appearance.The use, or lack thereof, of Othellos name is important for racial reasons as well. Calling someone by name is a sign of respect. The characters in the play sometimes refer to Othello by his name, but often by the term Moor. The amount of racial hostility the character has for Othello usually dictates the mode of address. Iago refers to Othello by name but only a few times in the play, usually when he is talking directly to him, while he calls him Moor over the rest of the play. Coincidence plays a big role in the play Othello, as everything happens almost ou t of coincidence.From Iagos plan, to being at the wrong place at the wrong time, everything adds up to coincidence. An example of this is when Cassio chooses to meet with Desdemona at that certain point in the play, just as Othello is returning. This is when Othello first has his doubts about Desdemona. Iago sees this and plays on that fact Ha, I like not that/ he would sneak away so guilty like. I think that Iago persuades Othello in a very convincing way. Although, the way that Othello changes so suddenly makes it less convincing.This may just be that he is a very naive character who trusts men easily. This may also be due to his insecurities. Iago knows Othello will never be completely embraced in society, and he knows that Othello also knows that. By playing on this, he skilfully convinces Othello that his wife might not love because of his race. Othello is obviously hurt by this and his change is drastic, yet somehow convincing. I think its the way that you see all the persuasi ons and lies planned by Iago, then you meet it happen. This lets us understand and see the development.

Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion

Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion The Positive Psychology movement focuses on identifying shelterive factors that promote wellbeing and protect people from the ban mental effects related to lifes everyday challenges. Research increasingly books self-compassion as a key comp angiotensin converting enzyment in positive mental health outcomes. However, very few studies have examined factors that lead to the festering of self-compassion. Attachment is known to contribute to the development of healthy social and aflame development (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005).Theoretically, parental appendage should promote the development of self-compassion. Attachment is described as the socio-emotional bond between individuals (Wicks-Nelson & Isreal, 2009). Healthy parental bond paper develops in the outset year of life through consistent, sensitive, and responsive parenting from a stable caregiver (Ainsworth, 1979 Barnas & Cummings, 1994 Sroufe, 2005). The attachment kindred with a caregiver is an essential component in component part to form the rear for healthy personality and functioning in society.For example, attachment is known to influence cognitive ability, development of conscience, coping skills, congenership skills, and the ability to make do perceived threats and negative emotions (Sroufe et al. , 2005 Wicks-Nelson & Isreal, 2009). In a re popular opinion of the Minnesota larn, Sroufe (2005) highlights the importance of former(a) attachment in the developmental course. The Minnesota study was a 30-year longitudinal developmental study, commencing in the 1970s, which fol funkyed individuals from before birth until adulthood. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the major propositions of attachment theory (Sroufe, 2005, p. 49). The primary goal of the study was to quiz Bowlbys hypotheses that (1) quality of caregiver-infant attachment is influenced by the interaction history with the caregiver, (2) indivi dual differences in personality can be explained by variations in the quality of early attachment, and (3) gear up attachment is related to the development of self-reliance, emotion regulation, and social competence. The quality of infant-caregiver attachment was assessed through observation at 12 and 18 months, using Ainsworths Strange Situation procedure.Many outcome variables, or patterns of behaviour, were extensively measured using various methods (questionnaires, observation, standardized testing, parental and teacher reports) at several ages including infancy, preschool years, childhood, adolescence, and appear adulthood. During the preschool years outcomes such(prenominal) as self-regulation, curiosity, and effective entry into peer group were measured. In middle school, measures of real-world competence, loyal friendships, coordination of friendship, and group functioning were examined.During adolescence identity, intimacy, and self-reflection were assessed. The findings from the Minnesota study provided support for Bowlbys hypotheses (Sroufe, 2005). First, it was demonstrated that specify attachment is directly related to a history of sensitive, emotionally engaged, and cooperative interaction with a caregiver. Also as Bowlby suggested, secure attachment predicted the development of self-reliance such that individuals who used their caregiver as a secure base to explore during infancy, were later more independent.Moreover, secure attachment predicted reconciling emotion regulation as demonstrated by securely attached individuals having more self-confidence, higher self-esteem, more ego-resiliency (ability to adjust), persistent and flexible coping strategies, and displaying see appropriate to situations. Finally, strong links were found between secure attachment and measures of social competence from early childhood through adulthood. Individuals with secure attachment were assessed as significantly better on measures such as expectation of rela tionships, engagement with others, skill in interaction, empathy, and leadership qualities.Sroufe (2005) suggests these findings indicate the critical importance of attachment because it plays an initiating billet in the pathways of development and is related to crucial developmental functions. Thus, attachment is associated with adaptive psychological development. One construct associated with positive mental health outcomes, and in issue is likely to be engendered by attachment, is self-compassion. Self-compassion is a self-attitude that originates from Buddhist philosophy and has recently begun to appear in Western psychology research.Neff (2003a) has proposed that self-compassion plays an important role in psychological health and describes self-compassion as extending kindness and caring towards ones self. As the term itself insinuates, self-compassion moves treating oneself with compassion, especially when experiencing negative feelings and events. Being compassionate toward s oneself entails being able to set free ones perceived failures and shortcomings, accepting oneself as human and in that respectfore as limited and not perfect, and also desiring wellbeing for oneself.Neff (2003a) conceptualized self-compassion as comprising three components self-kindness, habitual humanity, and mindfulness. Self-kindness refers to extending kindness and understanding to oneself rather than being harshly self-critical and judgmental. Being less judgmental of oneself should also minimize judgment of others. Common humanity is the ability to idea negative experiences and limitations as a shared aspect of the larger human experience, instead of seeing experiences as separating and isolating. Consequentially, common humanity also involves recognizing ones equality with others, which prevents one from being self-centered.Finally, mindfulness requires clearly seeing and accepting ones emotions as opposed to the tendency to exaggerate or fetch absorbed with ones pain ful thoughts and feelings. These three elements are linked such that they each promote one another. Research has dedicateed and continues to support the benefits of self-compassion. Indeed, there is evidence that self-compassion is associated with emotional intelligence, intrinsic motivation, emotion focused coping strategies, and life satisfaction (Neff, 2003b Neff, Hsieh, & Dejitterat, 2005).Additionally, self-compassion protects persons from self-criticism, anxiety, and depression (Neff, 2003b Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007). Self-compassion also involves taking responsibility for ones mistakes, and in turn being motivated to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors (Neff, 2003a Leary, Tate, Adams, Allen, & Hancock, 2007). Furthermore, self-compassion, not self-esteem, accounts for the attenuation of peoples reactions to negative events (Leary et al. , 2007). Together these findings indicate the importance of self-compassion as it promotes adaptive psychological functioning wh ile preventing negative outcomes.Self-compassion is also perceived to be distinct from and more beneficial than self-esteem (Leary et al. , 2007). Self-esteem refers to our overall attitude approximately ourselves (Baron et al, 2008), and has recently been criticized for inconsistently predicting positive outcomes. Although having high self-esteem is known to be related to such factors as positive self-feelings and motivation (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003), it has also been linked to narcissism, distortions in self-knowledge, increased prejudice and aggression (Baumeister et al. , 2003 Sinha & Krueger, 1999).Self-compassion may be a better secondary to promote because it does not involve judgments about oneself or comparison with others as self-esteem does (Neff & Vonk, 2009). Self-compassion leads to positive outcomes without the negative drawbacks associated with self-esteem (Neff, 2009). To date, only one study has demonstrated that motherlike support and secur e attachment predict higher levels of self-compassion (Neff & McGeehee, in press). Neff and McGeehee (in press) examined the relationships between self-compassion and psychological wellbeing, cognitive, and family factors in a sample of high school and college students.Because adolescence is known to be a difficult emotional period involving the arrangement of ones identity or adept of self (Arnett, 2007), the first goal of Neff and McGeehees study was to determine whether self-compassion promotes the same positive mental health outcomes in adolescence as those found in adulthood. Self-compassion was expected to be related to reports of higher levels of social connectedness and lower levels of anxiety and depression. As expected, the results demonstrated that self-compassion was strongly associated with low depression, low anxiety, and high feelings of connectedness.The second goal of Neff and McGeehees (in press) study was to explore factors that may contribute to adolescents dev elopment, or lack of development, of self-compassion. Self-compassion was hypothesized to be associated with maternal support, functional families, and secure internal working models of attachment. Self-report measures were used to assess self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale), maternal support (maternal subscale of the Family Messages Measure), family functioning (Index of Family Relations), and attachment (The Relationship Questionnaire).The results show that adolescents self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between their reports of mental health and maternal support, family functioning, attachment style, and adolescent egocentrism, indicating that family factors can impact wellbeing through self-compassion. Additionally, individual differences in self-compassion were predicted by family factors. In particular, maternal support and secure attachment were positively correlated with self-compassion, whereas maternal criticism and unsettled preoccupied and disorganize d attachment styles were negatively associated with self-compassion.Unexpectedly, there was no relation found between the insecure dismissing attachment style and self-compassion. The results regarding attachment styles were interpreted using Bartholomews model of attachment styles (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Bartholomews model (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) characterizes four distinguishable prototypic attachment styles of adolescence and adulthood, according to ones views of the self (dependence dimension) and others (avoidance dimension) as either negative or positive.Secure attachment, corresponding with low dependency, low avoidance, and a positive view of both self and other, involves being trusting and comfortable with intimacy and autonomy. Having a secure sense of self-worth and trusting others to be supportive may have facilitated the development of self-compassion among adolescents in Neff and McGeehees (in press) study. Insecure preoccupied attachment corresponds wi th low avoidance, high dependence, a positive view of others, but a negative self-image, and is characterized by clinginess, jealousy, and being preoccupied with relationships.Insecure dismissing attachment is distinguished by low dependence, high avoidance, a positive view of the self, a negative view of others, and involves inflating self-worth, being counter dependent, and being dismissing of intimacy and the importance of relationships. Disorganized or fearful attachment involves distrust of others, social withdrawal, feelings of inadequacy, fear of intimacy, and corresponds with high avoidance, high dependency, and a negative view of both the self and others.The anxiousness about deserving care or not expecting support from others in relationships may hinder individuals with insecure attachment styles from developing self-compassion. Given the findings from Neff and McGeehees (in press) research, the characteristics of secure attachment should promote the development of self-co mpassion. Namely, a positive self-image may help form a sense of self-worth that should in turn lead to self-kindness. In addition, being able to trust others helps form a connection with others that may foster common humanity.Conversely, the characteristics of insecure attachment may impede the development of self-compassion. Doubting ones worth and lacking trust in others suggest a lack of an emotional foundation necessary for self-compassionate sentiment (Neff & McGeehee, in press). Similarly, dependency on others to feel good about oneself may prevent the ability to accept oneself, which is a necessary throw of self-compassion (Neff & McGeehee, in press). Futhermore, considering the relation of early attachment to positive developmental outcomes (Sroufe, 2005 Scroufe et al, 005), attachment conceivably contributes to the development of self-compassion. Attachment is important in initiating the development of adaptive psychological functioning (Sroufe, 2005 Scroufe et al, 2005) . Self-compassion is a healthy self-attitude, which promotes positive mental health outcomes (Neff, 2009). Therefore, the development of a self-compassionate mindset should emanate from early attachment. Neff and McGeehees (in press) findings are the first to establish a relationship between attachment and self-compassion.However, Neff and McGeehees (in press) study is limited in that it they did not examine how attachment promotes self-compassion, due to its cross-sectional and correlational design. The study was restricted to adolescents and young adults, and used self-report data rather than observational measures. As a result, only the status of the attachment relationship and level of self-compassion present in adolescence were assessed. Further research is necessary to investigate the role of parental attachment in the development of self-compassion.It is of crucial importance to identify the early factors and processes associated with attachment formation which could promote the development of self-compassion among children. Following this, there is also a need to create a measure for self-compassionate thinking and behaviour among children. Being self-compassionate may involve different thoughts and behaviours according to ones age or stage of development. In order investigate the development of self-compassion, it is essential to be able to recognize and measure self-compassion among children.Findings from such prospective research can be used to help encourage healthy attachment, perhaps through parent sensitivity training, and educate parents how to foster self-compassionate thinking and attitudes in their children. References Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932-937. Arnett, J. J. (2007). Adolescence and emerging adulthood A cultural approach. Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. Bartholomew, K. , & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults A test of a four-category model. ledger o f Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.Baumeister, R. F. , Campbell, J. D. , Krueger, J. I. , & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science In The Public Interest, 4, 1-44. Barnas, M. V. , & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Caregiver stability and toddlers attachment-related behaviour towards caregivers in day care. Infant Behaviour & Development, 17, 141-147. Baron R. A. , Branscombe, N. R. , & Byrne, D. R. (2008). Social Psychology. Boston, MA Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Leary, M. R. , Tate, E. B. , Adams, C. E. , Allen, A. B. & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101. Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52, 211-214. Neff, K. D. Hsieh, Y. , & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263-287. Neff, K. D. , Kirkpatrick, K. L. , & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139 154. Neff, K. D. , & McGeehee, P. (in press). Self-compassion and psychological resiliency among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity. Neff, K. D. , & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23 50.Sinha, R. R. , & Krueger, J. (1998). Ideographic self-evaluation and bias. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 131-155. Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and developmen t A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349 367. Sroufe, L. A. , Egeland, B. , Carlson, E. A. , Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York Guildord Press. Wicks-Nelson, R. , & Isreal, A. C. (2009). subnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology. Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Unfeeling Personalities

sometimes my co- break a sorters can be shallow, dishonest, unreliable, and generally fake when it comes to how they atomic number 18 at cook. You can go into work one day and they are laughing and Joking with you, and the next day they can be snapping at you and treating you like you murdered someone. I usually clean deal with this at work, then go home and vent to my boyfriend about(predicate) them. I never imagined that a simple canvass in a college class could change how I looked at my co-workers. We had to complete what is called the Golden Personality analyze for my FirstSemester Seminar course, which took place from March 3rd to April 26th. This test was written by joke P. Golden, who is an economic and social scientist. This test that he wrote presents a focussing to better under bear out not only the fibre of temper we overhear, nevertheless also what type of personality those around us have. Taking this test was meant to show the differences and similarities be tween personality types, and as a result, would make us much prepared to work with all the different types of wad we may come across in our lives.When I first went to take this test, I wasnt really ere about how accurate it would be, besides I believe that winning this test has made working with the multitude in my demeanor, such as home, work, and school, a lot less difficult. Here are my reasons why I believe this test was effective. After you take this test, which is comprised of various questions about how we react to situations, people, places, etc. , you are given an official personality type.This personality type is based off of your answers to the questions taken from sixteen different possible types, is represented by four letters, and each letter in the resonantly type describes vistas that stand out about your personality based upon your answers to the questions given. The test is also separated out into sections that show how you react and feel in life. The persona lity type that I was identified as when I took this test was an NEFF. The letters in my personality type stand for Extroversion, Intuiting, Feeling, and Judging.The first section of the Golden Personality Test represents where and how you decoct your button in life. This could all be as an Extrovert, or an Introvert. An Extrovert is someone who enjoys being around others and focuses on people, places, etc. The opposite of that is the Introvert. Introverts like to elapse to themselves, and although they still like the company of others, it is usually over the internet, such as in video games. When I took this test, my results showed that I dont really have a lead preference on how and where I focus my energy, but I may prefer to be more Extroverted than Introverted.This would mean that I focus my energy more on tangible things and people, and am a little more social and active, rather than sousing my energy on my thoughts and ideas and keeping solely to myself. I would have to say that I agree with this part of the test. I can be more social and escape to direct most of my energy toward people and things, but I also can be very reflective and want quiet time too. I love spending time with my friends and family, but I enjoy just sitting and being quiet in the woods by myself. Another good example of this is my music choices.If you were to look at my play list, you would see everything from Lady Gaga and Kathy Perry, to Any and Celtic Woman. The second section of this test represents how you gather your information. This can be classified as either Sensing, or Intuiting. I was classified as someone who has a slight preference toward Intuiting. This would mean that I process information in a more symbolic and global fashion, and less in an exact, detailed, and literal fashion. It also means that I think more about what is possible and the big picture, rather than what are known and more practical issues.I would say that I agree with this one as well. I do a lot of both types of information-gathering, but I tend to lean more award using my intuition. The facts are not always 100% accurate, even though we like to think so. The world is evermore changing including so-called fact, but our intuition stays the same and generally points us in the right direction. The next section of the Golden Personality test focuses on how you make decisions. This can be classified as either Thinking, or Feeling. This test showed that I lean more heavily toward the Feeling saying rather than the Thinking aspect.This means that I focus more on how my decisions will affect others rather than focusing n logic and rationality. I have to agree with this because I know that I tend to make my decisions based upon how I think it will affect others around me and less on the normal way that people make decisions, which is usually based more on what is rational and logical. I like to describe it as me following my heart. The fourth section of the test shows how yo u generally approach life. You can either be classified as Judging, or Perceiving.I was classified as having a clear preference toward the Judging aspect rather than the Perceiving aspect. This would mean that I prefer an orderly, organized, and systematic approach to life, rather than a flexible and open-ended one. I would agree with this part of the test as well, except I believe I am closer to being in the middle ground of the two aspects, rather than preferring one more heavily than the other. I like order and things being organized and planned out, but I also like to Just go and do things on a whim and dont really need to plan every single detail out.The final section of the Golden Personality Test shows how you respond to daily life and what life throws at us each day. This is broken down in the test into two focuses Tense, or Calm. This test showed that I typically respond to daily stress in more of a calm fashion rather than in a tense fashion. This means that I am more opt imistic, calm, and relaxed about how things go in life. I agree with this section almost 100% because although I can be cautious and unsure of how things will go, I tend to be calmer and laid back about things than others.If something isnt working out, I tend to respond more in a cool and collected fashion rather than acting like it is he end of the world. I definitely worry and am concerned with how things may go, but overall, I am cool and collected in stressful situations. This test is meant to show us what type of person we are, and in turn, make it easier to regard those around us. Overall, I would have to say that I agree with the results that this test provided for me. There are a few discrepancies with how it described my personality, but overall it was very accurate. People are diverse, and no two people are exactly alike.I believe that this test is already helping me not only utter understand how my personality comes across to others, but also to understand better those that I work with in my Job, school, and anywhere else I come into contact and work with people. I now know why my co-workers act the way they do, and instead of Jumping to conclusions and Just thinking that they are horrible co- workers, I stop and take a look at what is going on with them. Sometimes there is a good reason they are acting the way they are. I am being more empathetic, less judgmental, and I am taking a closer look at the world around me and the people in it.

Network Based Grading System

Such ashess do not relate expectations, outcomes and performance. As for each one students desires to desire a good score for each assignment , exam, project and/or report, the whole Network establish Gra to-dog System Network Based Grading System is vital in this generation, specially to teachers and students. This is a seem that could Nag earnings base evaluate schema brass ay sis as MGM Gilligan as pantheon Nagoya Lola an as MGM student at as MGM guru.Dahl mass anabolism zeugma Eng MGM alumnas Eng student stratagem nag sang system festal intoning network ground grading system. Gambit nag computer pawed turn tong system. 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NC Skip to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About INCUBI Accesses Sign in to INCUBI MAC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Top of Form Search terminates database Search Limits Advanced Journal list support Bottom of Form Journal List v. 23(7308) 2001 Gag 11 MIMIC 120936 BMW. 2001 Gag 11 323(7308) 334-336. MIMIC MIMIC 120936 A new system for grading recommendations in secernate based guidelines Robin Harbor, discipline manager and Juliet Miller, director for the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Grading Review Group Author information Article notes Copyright and License information This article has been cited by other articles in MAC.The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) develops depict based clinical guidelines for the NASH in Scotland. The separate elements of the methodology are (a) that guidelines are developed by multidisciplinary groups (b) they are based on a dictatorial review of the scientific evidence and (c) recommendations are explicitly linked to the supporting evidence and graded according to the carriage of that evidence. Until recently, the System or grading guideline recommendations was based on the work of the IIS room for Healthcare question and Quality (formerly the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). 1,2 However, experience over more than five years of guideline outgrowth direct to a growing awareness of this systemic weaknesses. Firstly, the grading system was designed largely for application to questions of effectiveness, where randomized controlled trials are accepted as the most copious study design with the least jeopardize of bias in the results.However, in many areas of medical practice randomized trials may to be practical or ethical to undertake and for many questions other types of study design may provide the best evidence. Secondly, guideline development groups often fail to take tolerable account of the methodological quaily of single(a) studies and the overall picture presented by a body of evidence rather than individual studies or they fail to consent sufficient sound judgement to the overall strength of the evidence base and its applicant ability to the target population of the guideline.Thirdly, guideline users are often not benefit about the implications of the grading syste m. They misinterpret the grade of recommendation as relating to its importance, rather than to the strength of the supporting evidence, and may therefore fail to give due pack to low grade recommendations.Summary points A revised system of determining levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for evidence based clinical guidelines has been developed Levels of evidence are based on study design and the methodological quality of individual studies All studies related to a specific question are summarized in an evidence tabular array Guideline developers must make a considered judgment bout the generalizations, applicability, consistency, and clinical impact of the evidence to create a deport link between the evidence and recommendation Grades of recommendation are based on the strength of supporting evidence, taking into account its overall level and the considered judgment of the guideline developers In 1 998, SIGN undertook to review and, where appropriate, to refine the sy stem for evaluating guideline evidence and grading recommendations. The review had three main objectives.Firstly, the group aimed to develop a system that would prevent the link between the trench of the available evidence and the grade of the recommendation, while allowing recommendations to be based on the best available evidence and be burden accordingly. Secondly, it planned to ensure that the grading system incorporated formal assessment of the methodological quality, quantity, consistency, and applicability of the evidence base. Thirdly, the group hoped to present the grading system in a clear and unambiguous way that would allow guideline developers and users to understand the link between the strength of the evidence and the grade of recommendation. Go to MethodsThe review group decided that a more explicit and structured approach (figure) to the process of developing recommendations was required to address the weaknesses identified in the existing grading system. The qua druplet key stages in the process identified by the group are shown in the box. The strength of the evidence provided by an individual study depends on the ability of the study design to minimize the possibility of bias and to maximize attribution. The hierarchy of study types adopted by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research is widely accepted as reliable in this regard and is even in box boxier. 1 Box 1 Hierarchy of study types The strength of evidence provided by a study is also influenced by how well the study was designed and carried out.Failure to give due attention to key aspects of study methods increases the risk of bias or confounding and thus reduces the studs reliability. 3 The critical appraisal of the evidence base undertaken for SIGN guidelines therefore focuses on those aspects of study design which interrogation has shown to have a significant influence on the validity of the results and conclusions. These key questions differ between hypes of studies, and the use of checklists is recommended to ensure that all relevant aspects are considered and that a consistent approach is used in the methodological assessment of the evidence. We carried out an extensive search to range existing checklists. These were then reviewed in order to identify a validated model on which SIGN checklists could be based.The checklists developed by the New South Wales Department of Health were selected because of the rigourousnessous development and proof procedures they had undergone. 4 These checklists were further evaluated and adapted y the grading review group in order to meet SIGNs requirements for a balance between methodological rigor and practicality of use. New checklists were developed for systematic reviews, randomized trials, and cohort and case control studies, and these were tested with a number of SIGN development groups to ensure that the wording was clear and the checklists produced consistent results. As a result of these tests, some of t he wording of the checklists was amended to improve clarity. A supplementary checklist covers issues specific to the evaluation of diagnostic tests.This was eased on the New South Wales checklist,4 adapted with reference to the work of the Cochrane Methods Working Group on Systematic Review of Screening and Diagnostic Tests and Caruthers et al. 5,6 The checklists use written responses to the individual questions, with users then assigning studies an overall rating according to specified criteria (see box boxer). The full set of checklists and detailed notes on their use are available from SIGN. 7 Box 2 Key stages in developing recommendations Synthesis of the evidence The next step is to extract the relevant data from each study that was rated as avian a low or moderate risk of bias and to compile a summary of the individual studies and the overall direction of the evidence.A single, well conducted, systematic review or a very large randomized trial with clear outcomes could support a recommendation independently. Smaller, less well conducted studies require a body of evidence displaying a degree of consistency to support a recommendation. In these circumstances an evidence table presenting summaries of all the relevant studies should be compiled. Considered judgment Having completed a rigorous and objective synthesis of the evidence base, he guideline development group must then make what is essentially a subjective judgment on the recommendations-?one that can validly be made on the basis of this evidence. This requires the exercise of judgment based on clinical experience as well as knowledge of the evidence and the methods used to generate it.Although it is not practical to lay out rules for exercising judgment, guideline development groups are asked to consider the evidence in terms of quantity, quality, and consistency applicability generalizations and clinical impact. Increasing the role of subjective judgment in this way risks he reintroduction of bias into the process. It must be emphasized that this is not the judgment of an individual but of a carefully composed multidisciplinary group. An additional safeguard is the requirement for the guideline development group to present clearly the evidence on which the recommendation is based, making the link between evidence and recommendation explicit and explaining how they interpreted that evidence.Grading system The revised grading system (box (box)BE) is intended to strike an appropriate balance between incorporating the complexity Of type and laity of the evidence and maintaining clarity for guideline users. The key changes from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research system are that the study type and quality rating are combined in the evidence level the grading of recommendations extrapolated from the available evidence is clarified and the grades of recommendation are extended from three to four categories, effectively by splitting the previous grade B which was seen as covering too broad a range of evidence type and quality.

Golf and Gatorade

Kyle Qualizza English 104 2/8/10 Gatorade One of the most dominating keys in todays business introduction can easily be seen through the Gatorade Company. Their outputs have become extremely popular to the world, keeping their competition in the dust. Ordinary businesses struggle to retain their holler on the board with this eminent company in the way, and for obvious reasons excellent advertisement. Forty-five years have passed since the creation of this ultimate athletic swallow, and Gatorade still continues to flourish. The crossing itself has a legendary story behind it.Many say that the University of Florida first noticed that all of their athletes could not perform to their highest skill level due to dehydration. two professors and coaches decided to come together and find a solution to this problem. After multiple trial and error labs were performed, they in conclusion broke through with an unbelievable item. They rig something that would do more than just replenish fl uids. It supplied the body with a plentiful amount of electrolytes, a task that water cannot complete (Gatorade History).With electrolytes, this beverage provided the Florida Gator football players with both energy and aw areness to perform at their peak. This break-through proves to be one of the largest in sports technology today. Now that they came up with a product, the following most historic topic to discuss was advertisement. They needed to know exactly how to market this product. When Gatorade first came out, the advertisements displayed to its viewers how the efficiency level rises when you use their particular item for consumption. One of the keys to efficaciously advertise can be seen through repetition.Gatorade utilizes this tool through the three Rs rehydrate, replenish, and refuel that marks each bottle (Gatorade). Now that Gatorades popularity began to rise, they wanted to expand their product across the world. The company started casting commercials with professi onal athletes who drank their product. This allowed the fans to build a connection with their favorite professional players. This approach proved to be extremely successful. People believe that if they drink Gatorade, that they are more like this socially accepted superstar.Not to mention, people gain a personal theatrical role of self-confidence that they too will dominant a sport if they drink like the professionals. Recent commercials involving Tiger Woods, Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan, and Michael Phelps reinforced this title of advertisement. However, by advertising current people, expectations have to be met or sales will decrease. The best example for this circumstance happened about a month ago. Tiger Woods, golf legend, had his own style of Gatorade made specifically for him.Woods always took on this picture-perfect image as the best golfer and great role model, always supported by his winning wife and family. Gatorade saw this as an opportunity to make a great deal of money by advertising his name and face on their product. At first, the athletic drink was a huge hit. He improved his golf swing and began winning every tournament he entered, leaving sales at an all time high. Gatorade continued to sell this beverage because of his high performance, until he slipped up. Everything was based on his performance on the golf course until he finally slipped up.What people didnt see was his at-home life. Woods raced out of his house in his SUV and crashed into a tree. At first, many believed he fell asleep behind the wheel. However, later digging deeper, the police discovered Woods actually had been running from his wife, Elin, in order to be with other(a) women. Tiger cheated on his wife with nine other women. This disturbing news came to the public, leaving them shocked and full of questions. His perfect image crumbled. Gatorade no longer wanted to use Tiger in their advertisement because of his sully image.The Tiger Woods series took on an extreme blow. Not only did the sales drop astronomically, but the company itself faced the condescending publics eye because they once supported him. The Gatorade Company had no other option but to discontinue the Tiger Woods series. (Original bottle) Also, another factor to consider is the frame of the bottle. In 1985, the beverages marketing looked extremely bland. There was no vibrancy to the product which did not catch the buyers eye. The Gatorade Company took notice. As the product continued to become more advanced, so did the advertising.Within the forty -five years, Gatorade has changed their image significantly. Their newest of bottles being decorated with extremely bright, bold colors and features. The label of the product now pops to the buyers. Furthermore, there are inspirational sayings along the side of the drink. In addition, the color of the actual fluid is different with every type of flavor. All together, the advertising makes for a very balanced and animated item. In tod ays society everything is now viewed on health and body image.Gatorade has taken their product to the next level by lowering the calorie per bottle and allowing anyone on any diet to consume their beverage. It is the revolutionized way of the food market. All in all, the advertising activeness of Gatorade has played a huge role in their production. Without the color balance or vibrancy of the label the product wouldnt be noticed. And, without the inspirational commercials, the drink wouldnt be as seen as such a highly marked item. However, since the Gatorade Company has taken time to fully understand this side of marketing, their results are booming. Work Cited Decision News Media SAS, Gatorade to expand advertising. Ethical Naturals, Inc.. 2/8/10 . * Gatorade, Gatorade History. Pepsi. 2/8/10 . * Hein, Kenneth. How Powerade Downed Gatorade in motor lodge. Adweek 8/6/09 1-2 * . * Neilsen, Gatorade. Marketwire 12/28/08 1-3. * Robinson, Allen. Gatorade Analysis. Gatorade. 2/8/10 .

Dynamic Security

This session will help you with POP Describe the physical, dynamic and procedural shelter considerations in a custodial environment CEDI Evaluate the need for certification and control in a custodial environment Objectives CIII students will be able to CState what is meant by the term alive(p) Sec rite CDiscuss the case of information that could be gained from Prison intelligence Comes students will be able to CList the benefits of a good prison regime Recap on Physical Security CWhat is the difference between an Open or unkindly orison in terms of security?Licensed is completely locked COpen allows prisoners out for work/weekend legal residence visits Estate the difference between a Category A prisoner and a Category D prisoner CCategory A Pose threat to society, maximum security, crimes such as murder, rape or terrorism. logicalness D Can be trusted in open conditions and sometime allowed out. Low risk. What does dynamic security mean?Surveillance Covert and overt Clientl es gathering LMonitoring everyday activities Prison definition of Dynamic Sec rite C The process of looking for patterns n intelligence, penny-pinching monitoring of gang members, sharing of information, close relationships with external agencies and partnerships to share intelligence, along with tackling the drug and violence issues.Areas for concern CVisits family or solicitors Commitment of prisoners for work, education, CMail outgoing and ledger entry Phone calls monitored Group work Consider what information can be gathered from monitoring prisoners in these areas CVisits CMovement of prisoners for work, education, Phone calls Question Elf you were sent to prison what would be your biggest concern?

Software Developer

R N S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHANNASANDRA, BANGALORE 61 UNIX SYSTEM programmeing NOTES FOR 6TH SEMESTER INFORMATION SCIENCE SUBJECT CODE 06CS62 PREPARED BY RAJKUMAR appurtenant Professor Department of In fix upion Science DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 6th Semester Information Science and Engineering emailprotected com text edition Books 1 Terrence Chan Unix System schedule Using C++, Prentice Hall India, 1999. 2 W. Richard Stevens, Stephen A.Rago Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2005 Notes have been circulated on self risk nobody can be held responsible if some(prenominal)thing is wrong or is improper information or insufficient information provided in it. contents UNIT 1, UNIT 2, UNIT 3, UNIT 4, UNIT 5, UNIT 6, UNIT 7 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIX AND ANSI STANDARDS UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis R itchie, Douglas McElroy and Joe Ossanna.Today UNIX systems are get around into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. The ANSI C Standard In 1989, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) proposed C programming language standard X3. 159-1989 to standardise the language constructs and libraries. This is termed as ANSI C standard. This attempt to unify the murder of the C language supported on all computer system. The major differences between ANSI C and K&R C Kernighan and Ritchie are as follows ? Function prototyping ? fill-in of the const and volatile information type qualifiers. Support wide characters and internationalization. ? Permit lam pointers to be enjoymentd without dereferencing. Function prototyping ANSI C adopts C++ mould figure of speech technique where melt definition and declaration embarrass function names, arguments information types, and return value data types. This enables ANSI C compilers to check for function calls in drug user programs that pass invalid number of arguments or hostile arguments data type. These fix a major weakness of K&R C compilers invalid function calls in user programs often pass digest but cause programs to crash when they are executed.Eg unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data) /*body of foo*/ unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data) eg int printf(const char* fmt,.. ) External declaration of this function foo is specify variable number of arguments Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. ? The const keyword declares that near data cannot be changed. Eg int printf(const char* fmt,.. ) Declares a fmt argument that is of a const char * data type, meaning that the function printf cannot modify data in any character array that is passed as an actual argument value to fmt.Volatile keyword specifies that the values of some variables may change asynchronously, giving an hint to the compilers optimization algo rithm not to pull back any redundant statements that involve volatile objects. char get_io() volatile char* io_port = 0x7777 char ch = *io_port /*read beginning byte of data*/ ch = *io_port /*read second byte of data*/ ? eg If io_port variable is not declared to be volatile when the program is compiled, the compiler may eliminate second ch = *io_port statement, as it is considered redundant with respect to the previous statement. Prepared By RAJKUMAR Asst. Prof. & DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 Page 1 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES The const and volatile data type qualifiers are as well as supported in C++. Support wide characters and internationalisation ? ? ANSI C supports internationalisation by allowing C-program to use wide characters. Wide characters use more than one byte of storage per character. ANSI C square ups the setlocale function, which allows users to specify the format of date, pecuniary and real number representations. For eg most countries display the date in dd/mm /yyyy format whereas US displays it in mm/dd/yyyy format. Function prototype of setlocale function is ? include char setlocale (int category, const char* locale) ? The setlocale function prototype and realistic values of the category argument are declared in the header. The category values specify what format class(es) is to be changed. Some of the possible values of the category argument are category value found on standard C functions/ bigs LC_CTYPE LC_TIME LC_NUMERIC LC_MONETARY LC_ALL ? ? ? ? ? Affects behavior of the macros Affects date and time format. Affects number representation format Affects pecuniary values format combines the affect of all above Permit function pointers without dereferencing ANSI C specifies that a function pointer may be used like a function name.No referencing is needed when calling a function whose address is contained in the pointer. For Example, the following statement given below defines a function pointer funptr, which contains the address of t he function foo. extern void foo(double xyz,const int *ptr) void (*funptr)(double,const int *)=foo The function foo may be invoked by every directly calling foo or via the funptr. foo(12. 78,Hello world) funptr(12. 78,Hello world) K&R C requires funptr be dereferenced to call foo. (* funptr) (13. 48,Hello usp) ANSI C in like manner defines a set of C processor(cpp) symbols, which may be used in user programs.These symbols are assigned actual values at compilation time. cpp token USE _STDC_ Feature test macro. determine is 1 if a compiler is ANSI C, 0 otherwise _LINE_ Evaluated to the strong-arm line number of a source file. _FILE_ Value is the file name of a module that contains this symbol. _DATE_ Value is the date that a module containing this symbol is compiled. _TIME_ value is the time that a module containing this symbol is compiled. The following test_ansi_c. c program illustrates the use of these symbols include int main() if _STDC_==0 printf(cc is not ANSI C compliant) e lse printf(%s compiled at %s%s.This statement is at line %d , _FILE_ , _DATE_ , _TIME_ , _LINE_ ) endif Return 0 Prepared By RAJKUMAR Asst. Prof. & DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 Page 2 RNSIT ? UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES Finally, ANSI C defines a set of standard library function & associated headers. These headers are the subset of the C libraries available on most system that implement K&R C. The ANSI/ISO C++ Standard These compilers support C++ classes, derived classes, virtual functions, operator overloading. Furthermore, they should also support template classes, template functions, exception handling and the iostream library classes.Differences between ANSI C and C++ ANSI C Uses K&R C default function declaration for any functions that are referred before their declaration in the program. int foo() ANSI C treats this as old C function declaration & interprets it as declared in following manner. int foo(.. ) ? meaning that foo may be called with any number of arguments. Does not empl oy type_safe linkage technique and does not catch user errors. C++ Requires that all functions must be declared / defined before they can be referenced. int foo() C++ treats this as int foo(void) Meaning that foo may not arguments. accept anyEncrypts external function names for type_safe linkage. Thus reports any user errors. The POSIX standards ? POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface is the name of a family of related standards qualify by the IEEE to define the application-programming interface (API), along with shell and utilities interface for the software compatible with variants of the UNIX operating system. Because many versions of UNIX exist today and each of them provides its own set of API functions, it is difficult for system developers to create applications that can be easily ported to different versions of UNIX.Some of the subgroups of POSIX are POSIX. 1, POSIX. 1b & POSIX. 1c are concerned with the development of set of standards for system developers. POSIX. 1 ? This mission proposes a standard for a base operating system API this standard specifies APIs for the manipulating of files and processes. ? It is formally cognise as IEEE standard 1003. 1-1990 and it was also adopted by the ISO as the international standard ISO/IEC 994511990. POSIX. 1b ? This delegation proposes a set of standard APIs for a real time OS interface these include IPC (interprocess communication). ? This standard is formally known as IEEE standard 1003. -1993. POSIX. 1c ? This standard specifies multi-threaded programming interface. This is the newest POSIX standard. ? These standards are proposed for a generic OS that is not necessarily be UNIX system. ? E. g. VMS from Digital Equipment Corporation, OS/2 from IBM, & Windows NT from Microsoft Corporation are POSIX-compliant, yet they are not UNIX systems. ? To ensure a user program conforms to POSIX. 1 standard, the user should either define the manifested everlasting _POSIX_SOURCE at the beginning of each sour ce module of the program (before inclusion of any header) as define _POSIX_SOURCE ? ? ? ? Or specify the -D_POSIX_SOURCE option to a C++ compiler (CC) in a compilation % CC -D_POSIX_SOURCE *. C ? POSIX. 1b defines different manifested constant to check conformance of user program to that standard. The new macro is _POSIX_C_SOURCE and its value indicates POSIX version to which a user program conforms. Its value can be Prepared By RAJKUMAR Asst. Prof. & DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 Page 3 RNSIT _POSIX_C_SOURCE VALUES 198808L 199009L 199309L MEANING UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES First version of POSIX. conformity Second version of POSIX. 1 compliance POSIX. 1 and POSIX. 1b compliance ? _POSIX_C_SOURCE may be used in place of _POSIX_SOURCE. However, some systems that support POSIX. 1 only may not accept the _POSIX_C_SOURCE definition. ? There is also a _POSIX_VERSION constant defined in header. It contains the POSIX version to which the system conforms. Program to check and display _POSIX_VERSI ON constant of the system on which it is run define _POSIX_SOURCE define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309L include include int main() ifdef _POSIX_VERSION cout

Monopoly power is not automatically bad as long as it is regulated Essay

Monopoly power occurs when a handicraft is a dominant seller of a good or service with a securities industry sh are that exceeds 25%. There are many outrages for societies where monopolies exist. A higher price than those in competitive markets is one of the master(prenominal) disadvantages for society. As monopolies are the main seller of goods and services in the market they burn down use their market power in order to raise the prices well above the marginal cost and indeed shake off supranormal profits. As their prices are set so high and citizenry spend a penny little other(a) choice than to pay for them this reduces the amount of consumer surplus income.Green scope = supernormal profit (AR-AC)Pink area = Deadweight welfare loss (the combined loss of producer and consumer surplus) compared to a competitive market.This would be bad for the sparing as people would provoke less disposable income than they would otherwise have had if the good/service was at a cheap pri ce, so cannot spend as much in other aspects of the economy. Another disadvantage of monopoly is that there are fewer incentives to be efficient. If it is protected by high barriers to entry (meaning there are a few or no competitors in their market), the business whitethorn become complacent and thus operate less efficiently that it could. In this instance it is also possible for diseconomies of scale to occur. For example if the business did become complacent and chose not to bother to invest in technology to improve its efficiency it could nurture from technical diseconomies of scale as with new equipment/machinery, goods can be produced at cheaper and more effective levels. The monopoly may also choose to deliberately erect barriers of entry into the market to ensure that they do not sustain market share.This is bad for small businesses in the economy as it gives them little opportunity to grow and debate with such large companies as they may purposefully decide to lower thei r prices so that consumers choose to go the monopoly instead of the small business. As small businesses are unable to compete with themonopoly this would mean that there is a rise in unemployment. Increased levels of unemployment bring many negatives to the economy as the government will have to pay out more benefits meaning they have less money to spend on globe and merit goods. As there would be more people out of work, they also do not have as much disposable income to spend on goods and services. As consumer spending is a secern component of aggregate demand, this could reduce its levels and as a result bring down the GDP for the economy.However, monopolies arent necessarily bad they can be advantageous in some aspects of the UK economy. Although they can chance on supernormal profits through having higher prices, this can then be used to invest in interrogation and development to further their business, or protect it if it does badly. This will also lead to the creation of employment. More people employed will mean fewer benefits have to be paid out and the government can spend this money saved on improving the country. Another advantage of a monopoly is that they can achieve economies of scale (purchasing large quantities of materials for a cheaper price) as they are such a large business. Increased payoff (Q to Q2) will lead to a decrease in average costs of production(C to C1) and these savings can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices.UK firms may have to be of a larger size if they want to compete on an transnational basis. To become large enough to compete in the international market a business is likely to need to become a monopoly if they are to stand a chance with competing with many other firms in different countries. Providing that monopoly power is regulated so that it is not abuse to exploit consumers and purposefully make it difficult for new firms to enter the market, they are not necessarily bad. after all, firms gr ow by satisfying customers and companies that are monopolies wouldnt be the size they are if they didnt have satisfied customers. They provide many jobs within the economy and lots of revenue that can be invested elsewhere in the economy as well as being able to increase the GDP of a country.