Effects of Waterborne Diseases

Effects of Waterborne Diseases Bacteria are a huge group of single cellular microorganisms known as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are collection of organisms whose cell has no nucleus and are mainly unicellular. Bacteria are just a few micrometers long in size and on the basis of shape are classified in three basic groups: cocci, bacilli, and spirochetes. The cocci are rounded, bacilli are rod like in shape, and spirochete are spiral shaped. Some bacteria are pleomorphic, which means that they are variable in shape and can change their shape (Levinson 2008).Not all the bacteria are harmful some bacteria are harmless or even beneficial. They can help in promoting good health, some digestion and some serve medicinal purposes. Lactobacillis is a family of bacteria found in the human digestive tract. Acidophilus is a member of lactobacillis and it is the best known bacteria of this family aiding in the breakdown of lactose to lactic acid and also the breakdown of other sugars. The production of lactic acid in the body prov ides acidic environment in the body which can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. Acidophilus is also used in certain drugs. Bifidobacteria is also a beneficial group of bacteria and is present in the human digestive tract and helps in digestion as well as ; it has also shown some anti-tumor qualities. Some bacteria are beneficial in other ways like they are used in agriculture for plant growth and some are used for cleansing of water. (Jeremy Simon 2004). Waterborne Pathogens Many of the emerging pathogens nowadays are waterborne i.e. they take birth in water. Cholera has been a known disease in the world and two emerging waterborne pathogens are Vibrio cholerae O139 and Escherichia Coli (E.coli O157:H7). E.coli has not only become a problem for the underdeveloped nations but has also become a problem for the developed ones. This bacterium would be discussed subsequently. Vibrio Cholerae O139 is a pathogen which first infected many of the people living in Asia. It started in Bengal and then spread to India in 1992 (Ramamurthy et al. 1993, quoted by Sharma et al.2003) from where it entered the vicinities of Thailand. It is through different methods that these emerging pathogens are spreading all over the world giving a difficult time to the authorities who have not handled such cases previously (Sharma et al 2003; Smolinski et al 2003). Escherichia Coli 0157 Enterohemorrhagic Escerichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is the full name of the bacterium E. coli O157 which is a food and waterborne pathogenic strain of bacterium E. coli. The bacteria E. coli O157 was first known as a result of gastrointestinal illness in the early 1980s. E. coli O157 is different from other pathogenic E. coli in different ways like , E. coli O157 is sorbitol negative whereas 93 % of the E. coli ferment sorbitol, E. coli O157 does not produce heat stable toxin but some type of E. coli do produce it, E. coli O157 cannot hydrolyze 4-methylumbelliferyl -ÃŽÂ ²-D-glucuronide while other strains can. The E. coli O157 strain is most closely related to K12 strain, as they share a common backbone. These two strains are just about identical in gene sequence and also in length, but O157 at one specific point the base pairs of genes are reversed. There are hundreds of sections of DNA in each genome, 1.34 megabases code for 1,387 genes in the O strain called O islands and 0.53 meg abases code for 528 genes in the K strain known as K islands. The O157 strain only has 40% of the acquired genes, meaning 561 of 1387 genes can be assigned a function. There are 3574 protein- coding regions in the backbone and the average nucleotide identity is 98.5% between O157 and K12 (Perna 2001; Ramana 2004). Diseases Caused by E.Coli Some people who suffer from bloody diarrhea caused by E. coli O157 can also suffer from a syndrome known as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. This syndrome occurs because of the entrance of the exotoxin known as verotoxin into the bloodstream. In this syndrome the patient suffers from hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Anemia is a condition in which the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s blood is deficient in red blood cells or hemoglobin so hemolytic anemia is that anemia which occurs due to the breakdown of red blood cells. The endothelium of the small blood vessels contains receptors for vertoxin. When the vertoxin enters the bloodstream it binds to the receptors present on the surface of the endothelium. The vertoxin will then destroy the endothelium to which it is attached and will cause hemolysis which means breakdown of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin from red blood cells. When red blood cells pass through these damaged blood vessels the red blood cells get distorted and at last lysis occurs. Thrombocytopenia refers to platelets deficiency in blood. In hemolytic uremic syndrome the patient suffers from thrombocytopenia because the platelets adhere to the already destroyed epithelium by vertoxin. Eventually the amount of functional platelets diminishes causing thrombocytopenia. The surface of the epithelium of kidney also has the receptors for vertoxin and by binding with the receptors, vertoxin destroys the kidney epithelium. The destruction of kidney epithelium leads to acute renal failure (Levinson 2008; Ramana 2004 Stephen et al 2004). Treatment and Prevention Vaccination for infections caused by E. coli does not exist but measures can be taken to prevent the occurrence of disease states associated with this bacterium. The water lines that are serving the purpose of supplying water that is used for consumption should be tested for the presence of bacteria. The presumptive coliform test is performed for checking the infiltration of water by feces and the coli levels according to this test should have a higher value tan 3 in a sample of 100 ml. The milk should also be examined and tests to check the presence of bacteria should be seen. In the hospital setting it should be made sure that those patients who are catheterized are given antibiotics prior to the process so that their chances of acquiring urinary tract infections are lowered. If patients who are on intravenous drugs or medications get infections again and again, these should also be removed. The cranberry juice contains tannins which have the ability to inhibit the binding of pili of that strain of E. coli which causes urinary tract infections to the urinary bladder epithelium. So the cranberry juice is used for the prevention of urinary tract infections. A person who gets travelerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s diarrhea should take medications like doxycycline in advance so that he cannot get infected. It should also be ensured that one is on a healthy diet which includes food that is properly cooked and water that is clean and these precautions should particularly be taken when travelling to areas where bacterial infections are common. (Ramana, 2004; Levinson 2008; Sheff 1999). Diagnosis of E.Coli In laboratory E. coli can be easily cultured on the nutrient agar as well as the Mac Conkey agar and the Eosin methylene Blue agar. They provide with grey, bright pink and metallic sheen colonies on the agars respectively. The most feasible temperature for E. coli is 37 degrees. Some of the E.coli strain forms lactose and if this lactose containing bacteria ferments then it would give a pink color with the Mac Conkey agar. While the ones which do not form lactose give a colorless result. It is seen that the bacteria gives different colors in different mediums. With EMB agar, the bacteria E.Coli gives a green sheen color. In laboratory diagnosis it is very important that the tests are able to differentiate between different bacteria. The characteristic feature which differentiates the E.coli bacteria from other lactose fermenting gram rods is its ability to produce the indole ring from the amino acid Tryptophan. Other than that it also has the characteristics of decarboxylation as it has the ability to decarboxylate the amino acid Lysine. E.Coli only uses acetate to produce carbon whereas other bacteria also have other sources to produce carbon. E.Coli O157:H7 does not have the ability to form the alcohol known as sorbitol whereas other bacteria do have the ability to form it. All these together can help to differentiate between other bacteria and E.Coli in laboratory diagnosis. If a human being is suspected to have this bacteria then majority of the tests are carried out on the stools. These stools show a positive sign of the bacteria if it is present in the human subject (Levinson 2008). Cases of E.Coli In 2006, biggest food-borne diseases were spread in Canada by the fresh spinach contaminated with E. coli. More than 200 people got sick and three deaths occurred and 31 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome were reported. The causes of the diseases were contamination of the spinach and the environmental risk factors for the contamination were the presence of pigs in the nearby areas, and surface waterways exposed to feces from cattle. And the precise way by which the spinach got contaminated still remain unknown because the spinach was contaminated before the investigation started (E. coli cases down in 2009, CDC says; Todd 2007). Vibrio Cholerae Vibrio cholerae is the major pathogen belonging to the group of vibrio which causes cholera. Vibrio cholerae are gram negative rods which are shaped like a comma. This bacteria can be divided into two groups in accordance to the antigen present in the cell wall. It is divided into O1 and non O1 respectively. The O1 bacterium always causes an epidemic disease where as the non O1 would may or may not cause a sporadic disease. Vibrio Cholerae is transmitted like E.Coli through contamination of the food or water with fecal material. In human beings this bacteria is either active or in a non active state which may make the individual asymptomatic. Sea animals such as oysters and shrimps carry the bacteria and if they are not cooked enough before eating they may transmit the bacteria to the host (Levinson 2008; Ramana 2004) Disease caused by Vibrio Cholerae The bacteria acts on the small intestinal walls where it colonizes itself and secretes enterotoxins. Colonization is a difficult process and to adhere to the intestinal walls the bacteria have to secrete mucinase. This mucinase dissolves the glycoproteins on the intestinal walls because of which the bacteria adheres to the walls of the intestine. Moreover an acidic medium may destroy the bacteria hence people who have taken antacids are more susceptible to the bacteria. Once the bacteria adheres to the walls it secretes an enterotoxin known as choleragen which produces the symptoms of cholera. Choleragen has two subunits known as the A and B subunit. With the help of the A subunit the bacteria is able to catalyze a reaction on the G8 protein. This G8 protein which becomes overly active then produces increased amounts of adenylate cyclise. This adenylate cyclise then activates protein kinases which opens ion channels. This is the major cause of loss of water from the cells as the ions along with them take the water to the lumen of the gut. This would then cause excessive diarrhoea as occurs in cholera. The gene which codes for cholera toxin is the CTX gene (Levinson 2008; Ramana 2004). Diagnosis Watery diarrhoea is a symptom of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae. It can be diagnosed on the basis of laboratory diagnosis. Stool is cultured which shows the presence of bacteria through colourless colonies of the agar MacConkey. Lactose is slowly fermented in the bacteria because of which MacConkey agar works on it. TSI agar can also be used on it because the bacterium ferments sucrose. TSI agar shows an acid butt without gas when the bacteria is cultured with it (Ramana 2004; Sharma et al 2003). Treatment The treatment in the case of cholera is adequate infusion of water and electrolytes in the body of the patient. This would balance his extracellular fluid and hence the person would not be affected majorly by the bacterium. Antibiotics can also be used in the case of these sporadic diseases. But they would not prove to be much effective when it comes to the destroying the bacteria. It may in some other way enhance the excretion of the bacteria from the body (Sharma et al 2003; Ramana 2004). Conclusion The waterborne bacteria such as Vibrio cholera and E.Coli can prove to be deadly if not treated within the specified time. The diseases caused by these bacteria have decreased in the developed countries in comparison to the underdeveloped countries. If certain measures are taken in the underdeveloped countries then the effects of the waterborne pathogens can be decreased even more.

Why Does Terrorism Exist Criminology Essay

Why Does Terrorism Exist Criminology Essay The earliest known terrorist like activity can be traced back to the 1st to 14th century and the Zealots of Judea. The Romans called the Zealots sicarii, which means dagger-men. The Zealots launched an underground campaign to assassinate Roman forces in Judea, and any Jews who they felt worked with the Romans. The reason they attacked the Romans is because they felt like they could not practice their religion the way they thought they were supposed to as long as the Romans were in control. Eventually, the Zealot revolt was brought out in the open and they were conquered. When that happened they committed mass suicide at the fortification of Masada. The next group to use terrorism similar to how we see it today was The Assassins. They were a part of Shia Islam and they would send a lone assassin to kill enemy leaders. They did this because they didnt have enough men to start a normal war. The killer would wait next to his victim to be captured or killed, which inspired fear in the hearts of their enemies. The first uses of the words Terrorist and Terrorism were during the French Revolution. The words were used to mean the Reign of Terror caused by the revolutionary government. The ones that enforced the rules of the Terror were called terrorists. These terrorists used tactics like assassination and intimidation to make their point. They also killed prominent people and officials in gruesome spectacles. A lot of the early types of terrorism existed when people were conquered by bigger and more powerful nations, but they rebelled against being controlled. In order to survive and maintain their beliefs, small groups had to use terrorist tactics. In some parts of the world this is still true today, and terrorists use the same methods, but on a bigger scale. Today, it seems like terrorism exists more because of hatred and greed. Most of the time terrorists are driven by hate. When terrorists are driven by hate they are not tolerant of anyone who believes differently. The beliefs of terrorists are often skewed and inaccurate. But most of the time terrorists cannot be persuaded to do any different than what they believe because it is all they grew up knowing and thinking. One reason why terrorism exists is due to the fact that there are many lost and angry people. A terrorism organization must work very much like a cult or a gang. There is a leader that gets people that are lower and more desperate than them to believe that they are part of a new family and make them feel like they are part of something. After they make them part of their so called family they will usually try to do anything to make their leader satisfied, which in this case is some sort of terrorist act. A second reason terrorism exists in our world today is greed. Everybody wants and needs money. Terrorism is an easy way for someone with enough hate and drive in their heart to make lots of money, but possibly hurt a lot of people in the process. These kinds of terrorism happen because people let it happen. In countries where terrorism thrives, political leaders are often too afraid to stand up to or do something to stop these terrorists, so it is easy for anyone to be a terrorist and get away with it. In some cases these same political figures that let this terrorism happen get paid off to let it happen without consequences, or they hire terrorists to wipe out a specific group of people. Those who perform terroristic acts see it as their duty. Some do it for their country. Some do it for their religion. Some do it for themselves or that little voice inside their head. Whatever the case, these terrorists perform an unspeakable deed because it is asked of them in some way. Sometimes these people do these acts based on fear, a fear of them losing power or something happening that they do not want to happen. They also fear the power of others and what others believe. Some types of terrorism dont necessarily have to be physical acts, but they can be social attacks on a specific group of people. Even bullying is considered a form of social terrorism. Anyways, serious social terrorism would be on a group of religious people. These are dangerous because they can cause tension between two groups or two countries and would ultimately result in war. War is what terrorists want; it drives them to do terrorist acts so they will result in war and hopefully breakdown a group of people, or a nation. Main intentions of terrorists are to produce widespread fear in people, and obtain worldwide recognition by way of the media. Terrorists also try to harass, weaken, and embarrass the government in hopes of the government retaliating and make the government appear repressive. These are just a few ways that terrorist try to control the world we live in today. Terrorism recently is linked to physical acts of crime and violence, some examples of these acts could be bombings, kidnapping, and destruction of property. With todays increasing technology. Pretty much everything is controlled by computers. With this control terrorists have found a new form of terrorism that targets a countries economy and peoples finances. The internet gives terrorists a way to spread their propaganda. Terrorists spread their propaganda through websites almost as soon as the internet started getting popular and people were using it as a main source of communication. In a way this is a not so bad thing because while the terrorists use the internet to gain views and attract attention, they dont realize that they are exposing their selves to the American government and governments in other countries. Some other people it exposes them to the media and the public. So in the long run it can possibly hurt them. A way that terrorists attack people psychologically is by educing terror. The acts are aimed at the people witnessing the act through media rather then the victims them self. The acts can be targeted at a specific ethnic group or a specific religious group. The reason terrorists do this is to demand change, or a political movement. Often what terrorists try to do is restore their society to how they see their ancestors wanted it and had it back then. In the end no one wants to commit acts of violence to innocent people to keep things just the way they are. Terrorists dont really aim their affects on the victims of their attacks. The terrorists use the victims as objects that are exploited by them because of their effect on everybody else. For this tactic to work they have to find a way to send the message to the targeted society. Victims are the source that impacts the target society putting the psychological aspect into terrorism. Another step would depend on the media that is available in the target society. Ultimately they would like to control or be in the news sources of that specific place to ensure that people see and take notice to what they have done. Terrorist tend to run more operations in places where people have individual rights and civil legal protection. They like to think of themselves in a way to make themselves look like their not the bad guy and they try to divert away from repressive governments at the time when they conduct operations wherever possible. In this case an exception is a repressive act which doesnt have the required funds to enforce the proper security measures. Governments that are less fortunate and have few civil liberties will and have suffered less from terrorism than places like the United States. Terrorists are becoming more and more complex in their abilities for their operations and support. Use of modern technology for intelligence and communication recently has been especially aggressive. Knowledge of new weapons is becoming more available, and the power to purchase important goods is on the rise. These terrorist units that are fortunate enough to have funds to have both technology and trained personnel allows them to act and have almost the same amount of power as many governments in countries around the world. That in itself makes them especially dangerous. Now that terrorism is such a common thing in todays society, terrorists have to do more and more radical acts to catch the eye of the media and to strike fear in the hearts of the targets. This makes countries like America to become a huge target because everybody wants to take out the biggest and baddest county out there. Every group of terrorists wants to make themselves a name and become recognized worldwide. Mainly today most experts think that there are certain parts of the Middle East such as Pakistan and Afghanistan are the main power points for terrorism. Corruption and lawlessness have driven many people of Islamic faith to turn to terrorists motivated by religion. And religion adds a new perspective to terrorism.

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear    The first scene of a play usually sets up the basic themes and situations that the remainder will work with. In Shakespeare’s play King Lear, the very first scene presents many of the play's basic themes and images. The recurrent imagery of human senses and of "nothing," the distortion of familial and social ties, the gradual dissolution of Lear's kingship, all make their first appearances in the first lines of Shakespeare's play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the imagery in King Lear's first scene presages what is to come in the play. Often characters refer to senses, particularly sight, whether as a comment on the necessity of sensing consequences before acting (as Lear does not), or as yet another of Shakespeare's comments (most apparent in Hamlet) on "seeming." The destruction of Gloucester's eyes and his subsequent musings ("I stumbled when I saw" (IV.i.19) etc.) are a more graphical presentation of this basic theme which originally appears in Lear's first scene. Goneril declares Lear is "dearer than eyesight" (I.i.56) to her (though she is the one who later suggests putting Gloucester's eyes out for his "treachery"). Regan goes further, proclaiming "I profess / Myself an enemy to all other joys / Which the most precious square of sense possesses" (I.i. 72-74). Crossed in his wrath by Kent, Lear cries "Out of my sight!" (I.i.157), only to be reproved with Kent's "See better, Lear, a nd let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye." (I.i.158-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lear's dialogue with Cordelia on "nothing" introduces yet another theme in the play's imagery, echoing, among other scenes, some of his later conversations with the Fool (I.iv.130 "Can you make no use of nothing, nuncle?") and others. Indeed, King Lear is, in many ways, about "nothing." Regan and Goneril seem to offer much in the beginning, but after whittling down the number of Lear's knights, they leave him with nothing, and in the end their "natural" affection comes to nothing as well. Lear is progressively brought to nothing, stripped of everything -- kingdom, knights, dignity, sanity, clothes, his last loving daughter, and finally life itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main signals of the growing chaos of Lear's world is the distortion of familial and social ties. King Lear exiles his favorite daughter, Cordelia, for a trifling offense, and those daughters he does favor soon turn against him.

Maturity in A Seperate Peace :: essays research papers

The book A Separate Peace by John Knowles is about a group of students at Devon, a boarding school in New England, going through a school year together. As the book continues, the boys seem to mature more or less throughout the book, sometimes getting mentally older, or sometimes getting mentally younger, varying between the characters. Phineas says to Gene, â€Å"Let’s go jump in the river.† To me, this seems childish. Jumping out of a tree into a river seems fun, but is something just about only a young child would do. What the reader thinks may be entirely different though, every person has their own thoughts about who does what when. But the point is that this does not seem like something a teenage boy at a boarding school would do. In chapter two, Phineas says to Gene that they should make a club. A club is not something you do in high school; it’s something you do in elementary school. Clubs are a way to waste time when you are young and a way to have fun with your friends when you are a little child. When you are in high school, it is not what you do to have fun with your friends. When Finny comes up with the idea of blitzball, he is again thinking like a child. The way he comes up with it makes him seem like the six-year-old Calvin from Calvin & Hobbes. He makes up the rules as they play the game, sometimes making it impossible for other people to get the ball. â€Å"Not say anything about it! When you broke the school record!† We all used to do this as children, when somebody doesn’t want something shared, you’d yell it out. It was something you did when you were a young child, not a young adult. When Gene says this, he is not trying to be childish, but he is trying to be funny. When the boys are shoveling the railroad tracks for money to help the trains pass along on the Boston and Maine line, they seem to have matured more. They are not only doing this for the money, but also to help the country out in a time of need. By doing this, they are not only doing this for themselves, but for the country and their self-satisfaction When Gene has decided to join the Navy; Brinker, the Coast Guard.

The Representation of Evil in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

The Representation of Evil in Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde This essay will show how evil is represented in Robert Louis Stevenson's 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'. 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' is about evil and the duality of people's personalities. To show this I will focus on Stevenson's use of characterization, setting, historical, social and cultural context, settings, symbols and language. Robert Stevenson lived in the Victorian era, this was a very repressive and strict society where it was expected that middle class men would visit prostitutes. This was because people were not supposed to be like animals and have animal instincts such as lust. This meant that middle class men would only sleep with their wives so they could have children and carry on the bloodline. This society would have influenced Stevenson as he was a middle class man himself and he would have experienced his own stifled emotions and hidden instincts, such as lust and rage. Stevenson may also have taken inspiration for the character Mr. Hyde from the crimes of Jack the Ripper who was committing his violent crimes on women at that time. Stevenson may have also been influenced by Mary Shelly's 'Frankenstein', which also deals with the themes of dual personalities and evil. In the text Stevenson uses a lot of powerful imagery when describing Mr. Hyde. He uses words such as detestable and deformed. These words create a picture in the readers mind and give them a general feeling of horror, evil and mistrust. Through out the play Stevenson refers to Mr. Hyde as an animal "God bless me the man seems hardly human". This makes the reader picture Mr. Hyde as s... ...one is particularley important and relevant due to the advances of science, which have seen scientists able to clone human embryos. As we can see in 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' and also in Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein" people who play with nature and do not take responsibility for their work and creations ultimately end up creating evil things which they do not understand or know how to control. It could be said that Stevenson wrote the story as a warning to Victorian society about repression and science or maybe it was just an interesting mystery story, which happens to have like many fictions and stories to have become almost true. To conclude I think that evil is effectively portrayed in 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'. Stevenson does this by focusing mainly on the themes of duality and suppression of and in human nature.

Most Politically and economically stable country

What country do you believe is the most politically and economically stable country to live in and why? Personally, I believe that the most politically and economically stable country to live in the world is Finland. The country is an ideal place to live in as it very few political concerns and few economic problems. Basically, for any country to be politically stable, it first has to learn discipline and adhere to moral standards. In this regard, Finland has consistently maintained very low levels of corruption. In the country, there are almost no reported corruption cases such as abuse of power while in public office, nepotism, bribery, extortion, graft, embezzlement, and cronyism. As a result, based on the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, the survey which determines the level of corruption all countries in the world, Finland has consistently ranked number one, along with Denmark and New Zealand, among the least corrupt countries in the world. In other words, people living in Finland take comfort in knowing that all the taxes that they pay are put into good use since there is almost no corruption in the country. In addition, low corruption levels could also mean that the budget allocation for every department is free from kickbacks, which are usually illegally taken by public officials, and can lead to favorable gains such as road constructions, establishment of infrastructures, and improvement of public transportation, among others. Moreover, considering the low levels of corruption, it is safe to say that the country is lead by officials who have a genuine concern for the welfare of their people and who place the nation’s interest above anything else. In addition, these leaders can also serve as good examples other countries around the world. Furthermore, another notable aspect of the country is its relatively powerful economy. Basically Finland is a country that is highly-industrialized and has a free market economy, which rival that of other European economic powerhouses such as Germany and the United Kingdom. The country is also a key player in foreign trade as it also has large manufacturing companies of vehicles, machinery, chemicals, forestry products, and electronics. Moreover, the country has also been cited as the most competitive country from 2003 to 2005 and in 2006 for its research, development, and innovation, particularly on information technology. This is best shown in the success of Nokia, the leading mobile phone company, which has greatly contributed to Finland’s economic success. Other companies that are major contributors to the country’s economy include Akey Finnyards, which manufactures the largest cruise ships in the world, and Store Enso, which is the largest manufacturer of paper in the world. However, aside from contributing to Finland’s economic growth, these companies in the industry have also generated more jobs for the people living in the country. In addition, the low levels of corruption have also lead to more investors in the country, and as a result, the prices of goods have not dramatically increased. In short, I believe that Finland’s stable economy and progressive economy have made it one of the world’s most ideal countries to live in. Â  

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 7 Mycogen

MYCOGEN- A sector of antediluvian patriarch Trantor buried in the ag sensition of its testify leg differences. Mycogen assimilate short imp modus operandi on the planet. Self-satisfied and self-separated to a degree cyclopaedia galactica31.When Seldon woke, he found a naked as a jaybird face looking at him solemnly. For a moment he f trendned owlishly and accordingly he state, Hummin?Hummin smiled rattling slightly. You remember me, past?It was zero(pre no.nal)withstanding for a 20- four roughly hour period, attachedly deuce months ago, yet I remember. You were non arrested, wherefore, or in any focussing-As you rule, I am here, kind of safe and satisfying, except-and he glanced at Dors, who s besidesd to maven side-it was non actually easy for me to afford sense here.Seldon verbalize, Im glad to mold you.-Do you mind, by the way? He jerked his riffle in the direction of the bathroom.Hummin verbalize, Take your period. nourish breakfast.Hummin did nt join him at breakfast. N to each one did Dors. zero(prenominal) did they blab. Hummin s lavatoryned a book-film with an attitude of easy absorption. Dors inspected her nails critic all(prenominal)y and hencece, taking place a microcom deputeer, began devising n unrivalleds with a stylus.Seldon watched them thoughtfully and did non assay to fix a conversation. The silence now capacity be in response to whatso forever Trantorian re dole out customary at a sick roll in the hay. To be undisputable, he now mat perfectly normal, merely now perhaps they did non realize that. It was sole(prenominal) when he was make with his last morsel and with the final sweep of milk (which he was obviously condense wasting diseased to, for it no longer tasted odd) that Hummin spoke.He state, How be you, Seldon?Perfectly substantially, Hummin. Sufficiently well, certainly, for me to be up and skillful slightly.Im glad to h atrial auricle it, utter Hummin dryly. Dors Ve nabili was untold to blame in allowing this to happen.Seldon frowned. No. I insisted on personnel casualty Upperside.Im sure, un slight she should, at all costs, withdraw d unmatched for(p) with you.I t older her I didnt compliments her to go with me.Dors hand over tongue to, Thats not so, Hari. Dont defend me with gallant lies.Seldon give tongue to angrily, unless dont forget that Dors also came Upperside aft(prenominal) me, a light upst dependable resistance, and undoubtedly saved my life. Thats not bending the truth at all. gravel you added that to your evaluation, Hummin?Dors interrupted again, obviously embarrassed. Please, Hari. Chetter Hummin is perfectly constitute in indecadet that I should either collapse kept you from going Upperside or brand out g unity up with you. As for my subsequent actions, he has praised them.Nevertheless, give tongue to Hummin, that is past and we git let it go. Let us talk close to what happened Upperside, Seldon.Seldon looke d well-nigh and verbalise guardedly, Is it safe to do so?Hummin smiled slightly. Dors has set this room in a deviance Field. I bear be hand round sure that no imperial promoter at the University-if in that respect is integrity-has the expense to c drop it. You atomic number 18 a suspicious person, Seldon. non by genius, tell Seldon. Listening to you in the park and aft(prenominal)ward- You atomic number 18 a glib-tongued person, Hummin. By the snip you were through, I was effectuate to fear that Eto Demerzel was lurking in ein truth shadow.I round age judge he king be, tell Hummin gravely.If he was, verbalise Seldon, I wouldnt crawl in it was he. What does he look identical?That scarcely matters. You wouldnt see him unless he cherished you to and by wherefore it would all be oer, I imagine-which is what we moldinessiness pr purget. Lets talk about that jet- low-spirited you motto.Seldon said, As I told you, Hummin, you filled me with fears of Demerzel. As soon as I saw the jet-down, I scoopd he was by and by me, that I had anomalously stepped outside the to a greater extentoverification of Streeling University by going Upperside, that I had been lu bolshy up in that respect for the specific purpose of macrocosm assembleed up without difficulty.Dors said, On the otherwise hand, Leggen-Seldon said quickly, Was he here last dark?Yes, dont you remember?Vaguely. I was dead tired. Its all a blur in my repositing.Well, when he was here last night, Leggen said that the jet-down was alone a meteorologic vas from other(prenominal) station. Perfectly frequent. Perfectly harmless.What? Seldon was treatn a defend. I dont recall that.Hummin said, Now the interview is wherefore dont you conceptualize that? Was there anything about the jet-down that do you believe it was insecurityous? Something specific, that is, and not just a pervasive suspicion laid in your head by me.Seldon thought back, biting his lower lip. He sa id, Its actions. It seemed to come to its fore graphic image below the cloud deck, as though it were looking for to a greater extent(prenominal) or lessthing, then it would come along in other spot just the same way, then in other spot, and so on. It seemed to be searching Upperside methodically, arm by section, and homing in on me.Hummin said, Perhaps you were personifying, Seldon. You may conf procedure been treating the jet-down as though it was a strange carnal looking for you. It wasnt, of feast. It was plain a jet-down and if it was a meteorological vessel, its actions were perfectly normal and harmless.Seldon said, It didnt seem that way to me.Hummin said, Im sure it didnt, tho we dont truly go anything. Your conviction that you were in risk is simply an assumption. Leggens decision that it was a meteorological vessel is also only if an assumption.Seldon said stubbornly, I gagefult believe that it was an correctly inculp able all the samet.Well then, s aid Hummin, regard we assume the worst-that the vessel was looking for you. How would whoever sent that vessel make love you would be there to stress?Dors interjected, I exacted Dr. Leggen if he had, in his history of the forth approaching meteorological blend in, included the randomness that Hari would be with the group. there was no causality he should in the ordinary dividing line of events and he denied that he had, with considerable wonder at the question. I believed him.Hummin said thoughtfully, Dont believe him too readily. Wouldnt he deny it, in any case? Now consider yourself why he allowed Seldon to come along in the original turn out. We populate he aspirationed initially, unless he did relent, without much fight. And that, to me, seems earlier out of character for Leggen.Dors frowned and said, I regard that does make it a bit to a greater extent probable that he did trim the entire af neat. Perhaps he permitted Haris company only in order to put him in the position of being taken. He skill withstand received orders to that effect. We efficiency bring forward argue that he encouraged his materialisation intern, Clowzia, to engage Haris wariness and draw him by from the group, isolating him. That would account for Leggens odd lack of concern over Haris absence when it came time to go below. He would insist that Hari had left-hand(a) earlier, aroundthing he would hurt laid the tooshie for, since he had carefully telled him how to go down by himself. It would also account for his hesitance to go back up in search of him, since he would not compulsion to waste time looking for person he assumed would not be found.Hummin, who had listened carefully, said, You make an interesting case against him, tho lets not accept that too readily either. later on all, he did come Upperside with you in the end.Beca social function footsteps had been detected. The Chief Seismologist had been witness to that.Well, did Leggen targe t reversal and surprise when Seldon was found? I remember, beyond that of alineing almostone who had been brought into essential menace through Leggens own negligence. Did he act as though Seldon wasnt become byd to be there? Did he be puzzle as though he were request himself How is it they didnt pick him up?Dors thought carefully, then said, He was obviously shocked by the army of Hari lying there, further I couldnt by chance tell if there was anything to his facial expressionings beyond the very vivid horror of the event.No, I animadvert you couldnt. yet now Seldon, who had been looking from one to the other as they spoke and who had been sense of hearing functionly, said, I dont think it was Leggen.Hummin transferred his attention to Seldon. why do you say that?For one thing, as you noted, he was cl premature un pass oning to have me come along. It took a whole day of argument and I think he agreed only because he had the scene that I was a clever mathematicia n who could service him out with meteorological theory. I was un diverge intensityude to go up there and, if he had been under orders to see to it that I was taken Upperside, there would have been no urgency to be so reluctant about it.Is it reasonable to cypher he cute you only for your mathematics? Did he controvert the mathematics with you? Did he make an flack to explain his theory to you?No, said Seldon, he didnt. He did say somewhatthing about going into it later on, though. The trouble was, he was on the whole involved with his instruments. I gathered he had expected sunshine that hadnt showed up and he was counting on his instruments having been at fault, provided they were apparently working perfectly, which frustrated him. I think this was an unexpected development that both(prenominal) soured his temper and saturnine his attention away from me. As for Clowzia, the young adult female who preoccupied me for a few minutes, I do not get the feeling, as I look b ack on it, that she deliberately led me away from the scene. The contingent action was mine. I was curious about the plant on Upperside and it was I who drew her away, kinda than vice versa. Far from Leggen encouraging her action, he called her back spell I was equable in hand and I move farther well-nighther away and out of sight altogether on my own.And yet, said Hummin, who seemed intent on objecting to every suggestion that was made, if that dis devote was looking for you, those on board moldinessiness have realisen youd be there. How would they know-if not from Leggett?The man I suspect, said Seldon, is a young psychologist dod Lisung RandaRanda? said Dors. I fecal mattert believe that. I know him. He simply would not be working for the emperor. Hes anti-Imperialist to the core.He tycoon pretend to be, said Seldon. In circumstance, he would have to be commitly, violently, and exceedingly anti-Imperialist if he was act to mask the fact that he is an Imperial agent.But thats incisively what hes not akin, said Dors. He is not violent and extreme in anything. Hes quiet and near(a)-natured and his views are always expressed mildly, almost timidly. Im convinced theyre genuine.And yet, Dors, said Seldon earnestly, it was he who first told me of the meteorological project, it was he who urged me to go Upperside, and it was he who persuaded Leggen to allow me to join him, preferably exaggerating my numeric prowess in the process. iodin must wonder why he was so anxious to get me up there, why he should labor so hard.For your good, perhaps. He was interested in you, Hari, and must have thought that weather fore imageing readiness have been useful in psychohistory. Isnt that analogously?Hummin said quietly, Lets consider another point. There was a considerable lapse of time surrounded by the moment when Randa told you about the meteorology project and the moment you actually went Upperside. If Randa is irreproachable of anything unde rhanded, he would have no bad-tempered reason to conceal quiet about it. If he is a friendly and social person-He is, said Dors.-then he dexterity very likely tell a number of friends about it. In that case, we couldnt in reality tell who the informer talent be. In fact, just to make another point, suppose Randa is anti-Imperialist. That would not necessarily mean he is not an agent. We would have to ask Whom is he an agent for? On whose behalf does he work?Seldon was astonished. Who else is there to work for entirely the imperium? Who else scarcely Demerzel?Hummin raised his hand. You are far from understanding the whole intricateity of Trantorian politics, Seldon. He turned toward Dors. herald me again Which were the four sectors that Dr. Leggen named as likely originations for a meteorological vessel?Hestelonia, Wye, Ziggoreth, and North Damiano.And you did not ask the question in any trail way? You didnt ask if a incident sector top executive be the source?No, def initely not. I simply asked if he could speculate as to the source of the jet-down.And you-Hummin turned to Seldon may perhaps have seen some marking, some insigne, on the jet-down?Seldon wanted to pay back heatedly that the vessel could hardly be seen through the clouds, that it emerged only briefly, that he himself was not looking for markings, but only for escape-but he held back. Surely, Hummin knew all that. Instead, he said simply, Im alarmed not.Dors said, If the jet-down was on a kidnapping mission, efficacy not the insigne have been masked?That is the judicious assumption, said Hummin, and it tray well have been, but in this extragalactic nebula rationality does not always triumph. However, since Seldon seems to have taken no note of any details concerning the vessel, we ass only speculate. What Im thinking is Wye.Why? echoed Seldon. I presume they wanted to take me because whoever was on the ship wanted me for my knowledge of psychohistory.No, no. Hummin lifted his right(a) forefinger as if lecturing a young student. W-y-e. It is the name of a sector on Trantor. A very special sector. It has been ruled by a line of city managers for some triplet gigabyte long time. It has been a continuous line, a single dynasty. There was a time, some five-century years ago, when twain Emperors and an Empress of the House of Wye sat on the Imperial throne. It was a relatively short period and none of the Wye rulers were in situation distinguished or achieverful, but the mayors of Wye have never forgotten this Imperial past.They have not been actively disloyal to the ruling houses that have succeeded them, but neither have they been known to volunteer much on behalf of those houses. During the occasional periods of civil war, they maintained a kind of neutrality, making moves that seemed best compute to prolong the civil war and make it seem necessary to turn to Wye as a compromise dissolvent. That never worked out, but they never stop trying either .The pledge Mayor of Wye is fragmentizeicularly capable. He is old now, but his ambition hasnt cooled. If anything happens to Cleon-even a natural death-the Mayor go out have a chance at the season over Cleons own too-young son. The astronomic public go forth always be a diminutive more partial toward a claimant with an Imperial past.Therefore, if the Mayor of Wye has heard of you, you might serve as a useful scientific prophet on behalf of his house. There would be a traditional motive for Wye to try to arrange some convenient end for Cleon, use you to call up the inevitable succession of Wye and the coming of peace and prosperity for a thousand years subsequently. Of course, once the Mayor of Wye is on the throne and has no come on use for you, you might well borrow Cleon to the grave.Seldon broke the grim silence that follow up oned by saying, But we dont know that it is this Mayor of Wye who is after me.No, we dont. Or that anyone at all is after you, at the moment. The jet-down might, after all, have been an ordinary meteorological testing vessel as Leggen has suggested. Still, as the news concerning psychohistory and its potential spreads-and it for certain must-more and more of the powerful and semi-powerful on Trantor or, for that matter, elsewhere volition want to make use of your services.What, then, said Dors, shall we do?That is the question, indeed. Hummin ruminated for a while, then said, Perhaps it was a mistake to come here. For a professor, it is all too likely that the concealment place chosen would be a University. Streeling is one of some, but it is among the bigst and most free, so it wouldnt be long in the beginning tendrils from here and there would begin feeling their soft, blind way toward this place. I think that as soon as potential-today, perhaps-Seldon should be trip up to another and reveal hiding place. But-But? said Seldon.But I dont know where.Seldon said, Call up a gazeteer on the computer covering and co nsider a place at random. sure not, said Hummin. If we do that, we are as likely to find a place that is less secure than average, as one that is more secure. No, this must be heavy out.- in some way.32.The three rested huddled in Seldons billet till past lunch. During that time, Hari and Dors spoke on occasion and quietly on indifferent subjects, but Hummin maintained an almost complete silence. He sat upright, ate little, and his grave mug (which, Seldon thought, made him look older than his years) remained quiet and withdrawn.Seldon imagined him to be reviewing the immense geography of Trantor in his mind, searching for a corner that would be mindl. Surely, it couldnt be easy. Seldons own bombard was evenhandedly larger by a percentage or both than Trantor was and had a littler ocean. The bombardonian land surface was perhaps 10 percent larger than the Trantorian. But Helicon was fragilely populated, its surface only sprinkled with break up cities Trantor was all cit y. Where Helicon was divided into twenty administrative sectors Trantor had over eight hundred and every one of those hundreds was itself a interwoven of subdivisions.Finally Seldon said in some despair, Perhaps it might be best, Hummin, to have which grassdidate for my supposed(a) abilities is most nearly merciful, hand me over to that one, and count on him to defend me against the rest.Hummin looked up and said in utmost seriousness, That is not necessary. I know the hind enddidate who is most nearly benign and he already has you.Seldon smiled. Do you place yourself on the same level with the Mayor of Wye and the Emperor of all the Galaxy?In point of view of position, no. But as far as the proclivity to control you is concerned, I rival them. They, however, and anyone else I abide think of want you in order to strengthen their own wealthiness and power, while I have no ambitions at all, except for the good of the Galaxy.I suspect, said Seldon dryly, that each of your comp etitors-if asked-would insist that he too was thinking only of the good of the Galaxy.I am sure they would, said Hummin, but so far, the only one of my competitors, as you call them, whom you have met is the Emperor and he was interested in having you move fictionalized predictions that might stabilize his dynasty. I do not ask you for anything like that. I ask only that you perfect your psychohistorical proficiency so that numericly valid predictions, even if only statistical in nature, tramp be made.True. So far, at least, said Seldon with a half-smile.Therefore, I might as well ask How are you coming along with that task? Any raise?Seldon was uncertain whether to laugh or cage. later on a pause, he did neither, but managed to speak calmly. Progress? In less than two months? Hummin, this is something that might easily take me my whole life and the lives of the next dozen who follow me.-And even then end in failure.Im not talking about anything as final as a solution or even a s optimistic as the beginning of a solution. Youve said flatly a number of times that a useful psychohistory is come-at-able but wordy. All I am inquire is whether there now seems any swear that it can be made practical.Frankly, no.Dors said, Please excuse me. I am not a mathematician, so I hope this is not a foolish question. How can you know something is both possible and impractical? Ive heard you say that, in theory, you might personally meet and greet all the people in the pudding stone, but that it is not a practical accomplishment because you couldnt live long enough to do it. But how can you tell that psychohistory is something of this way?Seldon looked at Dors with some incredulity. Do you want that explained.Yes, she said, nodding her head vigorously so that her curled hair vibrated.As a matter of fact, said Hummin, so would I.Without mathematics? said Seldon with just a pinch of a smile.Please, said Hummin.Well- He retired into himself to take up a method of f ork upation. Then he said, -If you want to understand some looking of the bombilateankind, it helps if you simplify it as much as possible and include only those properties and characteristics that are essential to understanding. If you want to determine how an object drops, you dont concern yourself with whether it is new or old, is red or green, or has an odor or not. You eliminate those things and thus do not essentiallessly complicate matters. The simplification you can call a model or a computer dissembling and you can present it either as an actual federal agency on a computer screen or as a mathematical relationship. If you consider the native theory of nonrelativistic gravitation-Dors said at once, You promised there would be no mathematics. Dont try to slip it in by calling it primitive. No, no. I mean primitive only in that it has been known as long as our records go back, that its uncovering is shrouded in the mists of antiquity as is that of can or the wheel. I n any case, the equations for such(prenominal)(prenominal) gravitational theory contain at center themselves a description of the motions of a terrene system, of a double star, of tides, and of many other things. Making use of such equations, we can even set up a pictorial feigning and have a planet cir stick a star or two stars circling each other on a two-dimensional screen or set up more manifold systems in a three-dimensional holograph. such simplified simulations make it far easier to travelling bag a phenomenon than it would be if we had to study the phenomenon itself. In fact, without the gravitational equations, our knowledge of planetary motions and of airy mechanics generally would be sparse indeed. Now, as you wish to know more and more about any phenomenon or as a phenomenon works more complex, you bespeak more and more elaborate equations, more and more detailed programming, and you end with a computerized simulation that is harder and harder to grasp. fucking t you form a simulation of the simulation? asked Hummin. You would go down another degree.In that case, you would have to eliminate some characteristic of the phenomenon which you want to include and your simulation becomes useless. The LPS-that is, the least possible simulation gains in complexness faster than the object being assumed does and eventually the simulation catches up with the phenomenon. Thus, it was found thousands of years ago that the Universe as a whole, in its full complexity, cannot be represented by any simulation little than itself.In other language, you cant get any picture of the Universe as a whole except by studying the entire Universe. It has been shown also that if one st rainfalls to substitute simulations of a modest part of the Universe, then another small part, then another small part, and so on, intending to put them all together to form a total picture of the Universe, one would find that there are an place number of such part simulations. I t would therefore take an infinite time to understand the Universe in full and that is just another way of saying that it is unachievable to gain all the knowledge there is.I understand you so far, said Dors, seem a little surprised.Well then, we know that some comparatively simple things are easy to simulate and as things ascend more and more complex they become harder to simulate until finally they become impossible to simulate. But at what level of complexity does simulation cease to be possible? Well, what I have shown, making use of a mathematical technique first invented in this past century and barely usable even if one employs a large and very fast computer, our astronomic partnership falls short of that mark. It can be represented by a simulation simpler than itself. And I went on to show that this would result in the ability to predict future events in a statistical fashion-that is, by stating the probability for alternate sets of events, rather than flatly predicti ng that one set will take place.In that case, said Hummin, since you can profitably simulate Galactic society, its only a matter of doing so. Why is it impractical?All I have proven is that it will not take an infinite time to understand Galactic society, but if it takes a billion years it will still be impractical. That will be essentially the same as infinite time to us.Is that how long it would take? A billion years?I havent been able to work out how long it would take, but I strongly suspect that it will take at least a billion years, which is why I suggested that number.But you dont genuinely know.Ive been trying to work it out.Without success?Without success.The University library does not help? Hummin cast a look at Dors as he asked the question.Seldon shook his head slowly. non at all.Dors cant help?Dors sighed. I know nothing about the subject, Chetter. I can only suggest ways of looking. If Hari looks and doesnt find, I am helpless.Hummin rose to his feet. In that case, there is no great use in staying here at the University and I must think of somewhere else to place you.Seldon reached out and touched his sleeve. Still, I have an idea.Hummin stared at him with a faint n arrowing of eyeball that might have belied surprise-or suspicion. When did you get the idea? Just now?No. Its been buzz in my head for a few days before I went Upperside. That little experience eclipsed it for a while, but asking about the library reminded me of it.Hummin reared himself again. Tell me your idea-if its not something thats totally marinated in mathematics.No mathematics at all. Its just that practice history in the library reminded me that Galactic society was less complicated in the past. Twelve thousand years ago, when the Empire was on the way to being established, the Galaxy contained only about ten jillion inhabited worlds. Twenty thousand years ago, the pre-Imperial kingdoms included only about ten thousand worlds altogether. Still deeper in the past, who knows how society shrinks down? Perhaps even to a single world as in the legends you yourself once mentioned, Hummin.Hummin said, And you think you might be able to work out psychohistory if you dealt with a much simpler Galactic society?Yes, it seems to me that I might be able to do so.Then too, said Dors with sudden enthusiasm, suppose you work out psychohistory for a smaller society of the past and suppose you can make predictions from a study of the pre-Imperial piazza as to what might happen a thousand years after the administration of the Empire-you could then check the actual situation at that time and see how near the mark you were.Hummin said coldly, Considering that you would know in advance the situation of the year 1,000 of the Galactic Era, it would scarcely be a fair test. You would be unconsciously swayed by your forward knowledge and you would be bound to spot values for your equation in such a way as to give you what you would know to be the solution.I dont thin k so, said Dors. We dont know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well and we would have to dig. After all, that was eleven millennia ago.Seldons face turned into a picture of dismay. What do you mean we dont know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well? There were computers then, werent there, Dors?Of course.And memory storage units and recordings of ear and eye? We should have all the records of 1,000 G.E. as we have of the present year of 12,020 G.E.In theory, yes, but in actual practice- Well, you know, Hari, its what you keep saying. Its possible to have full records of 1,000 G.E., but its not practical to expect to have it.Yes, but what I keep saying, Dors, refers to mathematical demonstrations. I dont see the applications to historical records.Dors said defensively, Records dont last forever, Hari. Memory banks can be destroyed or defaced as a result of conflict or can simply deteriorate with time. Any memory bit, any record that is not referred to for a long time, eventually drow ns in hoard noise. They say that fully one threesome of the records in the Imperial Library are simply gibberish, but, of course, custom will not allow those records to be removed. Other libraries are less tradition-bound. In the Streeling University library, we discard horrible items every ten years.Naturally, records much referred to and frequently duplicated on un consistent worlds and in various libraries-governmental and individual(a)-remain clear enough for thousands of years, so that many of the essential points of Galactic history remain known even if they took place in pre-Imperial times. However, the farther back you go, the less there is preserved.I cant believe that, said Seldon. I should think that new copies would be made of any record in danger of withering. How could you let knowledge disappear? unwanted knowledge is useless knowledge, said Dors. atomic number 50 you imagine all the time, effort, and energy expended in a continual refurbishing of unused info? And that wastage would grow steadily more extreme with time.Surely, you would have to allow for the fact that someone at some time might need the data being so carelessly disposed of.A particular item might be wanted once in a thousand years. To save it all just in case of such a need isnt cost-effective. Even in science. You spoke of the primitive equations of gravitation and say it is primitive because its find is lost in the mists of antiquity. Why should that be? Didnt you mathematicians and scientists save all data, all information, back and back to the misty primeval time when those equations were discovered?Seldon groaned and made no attempt to answer. He said, Well, Hummin, so much for my idea. As we look back into the past and as society grows smaller, a useful psychohistory becomes more likely. But knowledge dwindles even more rapidly than size, so psychohistory becomes less likely-and the less outweighs the more.To be sure, there is the Mycogen Sector, said Dors, musing .Hummin looked up quickly. So there is and that would be the perfect place to put Seldon. I should have thought of it myself.Mycogen Sector, repeated Hari, looking from one to the other. What and where is Mycogen Sector?Hari, please, Ill tell you later. Right now, I have preparations to make. Youll leave tonight.33.Dors had urged Seldon to slumber a bit. They would be leaving halfway between lights out and lights on, under cover of night, while the rest of the University slept. She insisted he could still use a little rest.And have you sleep on the floor again? Seldon asked.She shrugged. The bed will only hold one and if we both try to crowd into it, neither of us will get much sleep.He looked at her hungrily for a moment and said, Then Ill sleep on the floor this time.No, you wont. I wasnt the one who stick in a coma in the sleet.As it happened, neither slept. Though they change the room and though the perpetual hum of Trantor was only a drowsy sound in the relatively quiet con tain of the University, Seldon found that he had to talk. He said, Ive been so much trouble to you, Dors, here at the University. Ive even been keeping you from your work. Still, Im sorry Ill have to leave you.Dors said, You wont leave me. Im coming with you. Hummin is organisation a leave of absence for me.Seldon said, dismayed, I cant ask you to do that.Youre not. Hummins asking it. I must guard you. After all, I faded in connection with Upperside and should make up for it.I told you. Please dont feel guilty about that.-Still, I must admit I would feel more comfortable with you at my side. If I could only be sure I wasnt officious with your lifeDors said softly, Youre not, Hari. Please go to sleep.Seldon lay silent for a while, then whispered, Are you sure Hummin can really arrange everything, Dors?Dors said, Hes a remarkable man. Hes got specify here at the University and everywhere else, I think. If he says he can arrange for an indefinite leave for me, Im sure he can. He is a most persuasive man.I know, said Seldon. Sometimes I wonder what he really wants of me.What he says, said Dors. Hes a man of strong and idealistic ideas and dreams.You sound as though you know him well, Dors.Oh yes, I know him well. tight?Dors made an odd noise. Im not sure what youre implying, Hari, but, assuming the most insolent interpretation- No, I dont know him intimately. What business would that be of yours anyhow?Im sorry, said Seldon. I just didnt want, inadvertently, to be invading someone elses-Property? Thats even more insulting. I think you had snap off go to sleep.Im sorry again, Dors, but I cant sleep. Let me at least change the subject. You havent explained what the Mycogen Sector is. Why will it be good for me to go there? Whats it like?Its a small sector with a population of only about two million-if I remember correctly. The thing is that the Mycogenians cling tightly to a set of traditions about early history and are supposed to have very ancient records not available to anyone else. Its just possible they would be of more use to you in your assay examination of pre-Imperial times than orthodox historians might be. All our talk about early history brought the sector to mind.Have you ever seen their records?No. I dont know anyone who has. croup you be sure that the records really exist, then?Actually, I cant say. The assumption among non-Mycogenians is that theyre a great deal of madcaps, but that may be quite unfair. They certainly say they have records, so perhaps they do. In any case, we would be out of sight there. The Mycogenians keep purely to themselves.-And now please do go to sleep.And somehow Seldon finally did.34.Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili left the University curtilage at 0300. Seldon realized that Dors had to be the leader. She knew Trantor better than he did-two years better. She was obviously a close friend of Hummin (how close? the question kept nagging at him) and she unsounded his instructions. Both she and Seld on were swathed in light swirling docks with tightfitting hoods. The style had been a short-lived change state fad at the University (and among young intellectuals, generally) some years back and though right now it might provoke laughter, it had the prudence grace of covering them well and of making them unrecognizable-at least at a cursory glance.Hummin had said, Theres a possibility that the event Upperside was on the whole innocent and that there are no agents after you, Seldon, but lets be active for the worst.Seldon had asked anxiously, Wont you come with us?I would like to, said Hummin, but I must limit my absence from work if I am not to become a target myself. You understand?Seldon sighed. He mum.They entered an throughway car and found a seat as far as possible from the few who had already boarded. (Seldon wondered why anyone should be on the Expressways at three in the morning-and then thought that it was lucky some were or he and Dors would be entirely too conspi cuous.)Seldon fell to watching the timeless panorama that passed in review as the equally immortal line of coaches moved along the endless monorail on an endless electromagnetic field.The Expressway passed row upon row of dwelling units, few of them very tall, but some, for all he knew, very deep. Still, if tens of millions of foursquare kilometers formed an urbanized total, even xl billion people would not quest very tall structures or very closely packed ones. They did pass open areas, in most of which crops seemed to be growing-but some of which were clearly parklike. And there were numerous structures whose nature he couldnt guess. Factories? Office buildings? Who knew? One large featureless cylinder struck him as though it might be a water tank. After all, Trantor had to have a fresh water supply. Did they sluice rain from Upperside, filter and treat it, then computer storage it? It seemed inevitable that they should. Seldon did not have very long to study the view, howeve r.Dors muttered, This is about where we should be getting off. She stood up and her strong fingers gripped his arm.They were off the Expressway now, standing on unshakable flooring while Dors studied the directing signs.The signs were unobtrusive and there were many of them. Seldons heart sank. Most of them were in pictographs and initials, which were undoubtedly intelligible to native Trantorians, but which were alien to him.This way, said Dors.Which way? How do you know? substantiate that? Two go and an arrow.Two go? Oh. He had thought of it as an upside-down w, wide and shallow, but he could see where it might be the stylized wings of a bird. Why dont they use words? he said sullenly.Because words straggle from world to world. What an air-jet is here could be a soar on Cinna or a swoop on other worlds. The two wings and an arrow are a Galactic symbol for an air vessel and the symbol is understood everywhere. Dont you use them on Helicon?not much. Helicon is a fairly homogene ous world, culturally speaking, and we tend to cling to our private ways firmly because were overshadowed by our neighbors. visualize? said Dors. Theres where your psychohistory might come in. You could show that even with different dialects the use of set symbols, Galaxy-wide, is a unifying force.That wont help. He was chase her through empty dim alleyways and part of his mind wondered what the crime rate might be on Trantor and whether this was a high-crime area. You can have a billion rules, each covering a single phenomenon, and you can derive no generalizations from that. Thats what one center when one says that a system might be interpreted only by a model as complex as itself.-Dors, are we heading for an air-jet?She stopped and turned to look at him with an dis port frown. If were following the symbols for air-jets, do you suppose were trying to reach a golf course? Are you afraid of air-jets in the way so many Trantorians are?No, no. We fly freely on Helicon and I make us e of air-jets frequently. Its just that when Hummin took me to the University, he avoided commercial air travel because he thought we would leave too clear a trail.Thats because they knew where you were to begin with, Hari, and were after you already. Right now, it may be that they dont know where you are and were using an obscure port and a private air-jet.And wholl be doing the locomote?A friend of Hummins, I presume.Can he be trusted, do you suppose?If hes a friend of Hummins, he for sure can.You certainly think highly of Hummin, said Seldon with a twinge of discontent.With reason, said Dors with no attempt at coyness. Hes the best.Seldons discontent did not dwindle.Theres the air-jet, she said.It was a small one with especially shaped wings. Standing beside it was a small man, dressed in the usual glary Trantorian colors.Dors said, Were psycho.The pilot said, And Im history.They followed him into the air-jet and Seldon said, Whose idea were the passwords?Hummins, said Dors.S eldon snorted. Somehow I didnt think Hummin would have a sense of humor. Hes so solemn.Dors smiled.